142,906 research outputs found
PSR J0737-3039B: A probe of radio pulsar emission heights
In the double pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B the strong wind produced by
pulsar A distorts the magnetosphere of pulsar B. The influence of these
distortions on the orbital-dependent emission properties of pulsar B can be
used to determine the location of the coherent radio emission generation region
in the pulsar magnetosphere. Using a model of the wind-distorted magnetosphere
of pulsar B and the well defined geometrical parameters of the system, we
determine the minimum emission height to be ~ 20 neutron star radii in the two
bright orbital longitude regions. We can determine the maximum emission height
by accounting for the amount of deflection of the polar field line with respect
to the magnetic axis using the analytical magnetic reconnection model of Dungey
and the semi-empirical numerical model of Tsyganenko. Both of these models
estimate the maximum emission height to be ~ 2500 neutron star radii. The
minimum and maximum emission heights we calculate are consistent with those
estimated for normal isolated pulsars.Comment: 29 pages, 14 figures, Accepted by ApJ on 3 March 201
The influence of plasma plume in laser milling for mold manufacturing
The paper refers to the modeling of the plasma plume influence on the shape of the crater obtained by means of nanosecond pulsed laser milling. A transient model of the physical state of the plasma plume is developed according to the laser parameters. Two empirical coefficients are proposed in the model in order to evaluate the plasma plume self-emission energy lost towards the environment and the energy spread from the plasma towards the target surface. These two coefficients, directly correlated to the depth and to the width of the crater, can be experimentally determined, due to the difficulty of their analytical quantification, and they can be used for tuning a complete plasma plume software package for laser milling simulation named LAS (Laser Ablation Simulator) already developed by the authors. In this paper their influence on the crater shape will be proved by means of several simulation runs
Neglecting the porosity of hot-star winds can lead to underestimating mass-loss rates
Context: The mass-loss rate is a key parameter of massive stars. Adequate
stellar atmosphere models are required for spectral analyses and mass-loss
determinations. Present models can only account for the inhomogeneity of
stellar winds in the approximation of small-scale structures that are optically
thin. This treatment of ``microclumping'' has led to reducing empirical
mass-loss rates by factors of two and more. Aims: Stellar wind clumps can be
optically thick in spectral lines. We investigate how this ``macroclumping''
impacts on empirical mass-loss rates. Methods: The Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR)
model atmosphere code is generalized in the ``formal integral'' to account for
clumps that are not necessarily optically thin. Results: Optically thick clumps
reduce the effective opacity. This has a pronounced effect on the emergent
spectrum. Our modeling for the O-type supergiant zeta Puppis reveals that the
optically thin H-alpha line is not affected by wind porosity, but that the PV
resonance doublet becomes significantly weaker when macroclumping is taken into
account. The reported discrepancies between resonance-line and
recombination-line diagnostics can be resolved entirely with the macroclumping
modeling without downward revision of the mass-loss rate. Conclusions:
Mass-loss rates inferred from optically thin emission, such as the H-alpha line
in O stars, are not influenced by macroclumping. The strength of optically
thick lines, however, is reduced because of the porosity effects. Therefore,
neglecting the porosity in stellar wind modeling can lead to underestimating
empirical mass-loss rates.Comment: A&A (in press), see full abstract in the tex
PHOENIX model chromospheres of mid- to late-type M dwarfs
We present semi-empirical model chromospheres computed with the atmosphere
code PHOENIX. The models are designed to fit the observed spectra of five mid-
to late-type M dwarfs. Next to hydrogen lines from the Balmer series we used
various metal lines, e. g. from Fe {\sc i}, for the comparison between data and
models. Our computations show that an NLTE treatment of C, N, O impacts on the
hydrogen line formation, while NLTE treatment of less abundant metals such as
nickel influences the lines of the considered species itself. For our coolest
models we investigated also the influence of dust on the chromospheres and
found that dust increases the emission line flux.
Moreover we present an (electronically published) emission line list for the
spectral range of 3100 to 3900 and 4700 to 6800 \AA for a set of 21 M dwarfs
and brown dwarfs. The line list includes the detection of the Na {\sc i} D
lines in emission for a L3 dwarf.Comment: 14 pages, 18 figure
The Physics and Mass Assembly of distant galaxies with the E-ELT
One of the main science goal of the future European Extremely Large Telescope
will be to understand the mass assembly process in galaxies as a function of
cosmic time. To this aim, a multi-object, AO-assisted integral field
spectrograph will be required to map the physical and chemical properties of
very distant galaxies. In this paper, we examine the ability of such an
instrument to obtain spatially resolved spectroscopy of a large sample of
massive (0.1<Mstellar<5e11Mo) galaxies at 2<z<6, selected from future large
area optical-near IR surveys. We produced a set of about one thousand numerical
simulations of 3D observations using reasonable assumptions about the site,
telescope, and instrument, and about the physics of distant galaxies. These
data-cubes were analysed as real data to produce realistic kinematic
measurements of very distant galaxies. We then studied how sensible the
scientific goals are to the observational (i.e., site-, telescope-, and
instrument-related) and physical (i.e., galaxy-related) parameters. We
specifically investigated the impact of AO performance on the science goal. We
did not identify any breaking points with respect to the parameters (e.g., the
telescope diameter), with the exception of the telescope thermal background,
which strongly limits the performance in the highest (z>5) redshift bin. We
find that a survey of Ngal galaxies that fulfil the range of science goals can
be achieved with a ~90 nights program on the E-ELT, provided a multiplex
capability M Ngal/8.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
High Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of SN 1987A: Monitoring with XMM-Newton
We report the results of our XMM-Newton monitoring of SN 1987A. The ongoing
propagation of the supernova blast wave through the inner circumstellar ring
caused a drastic increase in X-ray luminosity during the last years, enabling
detailed high resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Reflection Grating
Spectrometer. The observations can be used to follow the detailed evolution of
the arising supernova remnant. The fluxes and broadening of the numerous
emission lines seen in the dispersed spectra provide information on the
evolution of the X-ray emitting plasma and its dynamics. These were analyzed in
combination with the EPIC-pn spectra, which allow a precise determination of
the higher temperature plasma. We modeled individual emission lines and fitted
plasma emission models. Especially from the observations between 2003 and 2007
we can see a significant evolution of the plasma parameters and a deceleration
of the radial velocity of the lower temperature plasma regions. We found an
indication (3-sigma-level) of an iron K feature in the co-added EPIC-pn
spectra. The comparison with Chandra grating observations in 2004 yields a
clear temporal coherence of the spectral evolution and the sudden deceleration
of the expansion velocity seen in X-ray images ~6100 days after the explosion.Comment: 10 pages, 8 Figures; accepted by A&
Mass loss from inhomogeneous hot star winds II. Constraints from a combined optical/UV study
Mass-loss rates currently in use for hot, massive stars have recently been
seriously questioned, mainly because of the effects of wind clumping. We
investigate the impact of clumping on diagnostic ultraviolet resonance and
optical recombination lines. Optically thick clumps, a non-void interclump
medium, and a non-monotonic velocity field are all accounted for in a single
model. We used 2D and 3D stochastic and radiation-hydrodynamic (RH) wind
models, constructed by assembling 1D snapshots in radially independent slices.
To compute synthetic spectra, we developed and used detailed radiative transfer
codes for both recombination lines (solving the "formal integral") and
resonance lines (using a Monte-Carlo approach). In addition, we propose an
analytic method to model these lines in clumpy winds, which does not rely on
optically thin clumping. Results: Synthetic spectra calculated directly from
current RH wind models of the line-driven instability are unable to in parallel
reproduce strategic optical and ultraviolet lines for the Galactic O-supergiant
LCep. Using our stochastic wind models, we obtain consistent fits essentially
by increasing the clumping in the inner wind. A mass-loss rate is derived that
is approximately two times lower than predicted by the line-driven wind theory,
but much higher than the corresponding rate derived from spectra when assuming
optically thin clumps. Our analytic formulation for line formation is used to
demonstrate the potential impact of optically thick clumping in weak-winded
stars and to confirm recent results that resonance doublets may be used as
tracers of wind structure and optically thick clumping. (Abridged)Comment: 14 pages+1 Appendix, 8 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in
Astronomy and Astrophysics. One reference updated, minor typo in Appendix
correcte
Polar Dust, Nuclear Obscuration and IR SED Diversity in Type-1 AGNs
Despite the hypothesized similar face-on viewing angles, the infrared
emission of type-1 AGNs has diverse spectral energy distribution (SED) shapes
that deviate substantially from the well-characterized quasar templates.
Motivated by the commonly-seen UV-optical obscuration and the discovery of
parsec-scale mid-IR polar dust emission in some nearby AGNs, we develop
semi-empirical SED libraries for reddened type-1 AGNs built on the quasar
intrinsic templates, assuming low-level extinction caused by an extended
distribution of large dust grains. We demonstrate that this model can reproduce
the nuclear UV-to-IR SED and the strong mid-IR polar dust emission of NGC 3783,
the type-1 AGN with the most relevant and robust observational constraints. In
addition, we compile 64 low- Seyfert-1 nuclei with negligible mid-IR star
formation contamination and satisfactorily fit the individual IR SEDs as well
as the composite UV to mid-IR composite SEDs. Given the success of these fits,
we characterize the possible infrared SED of AGN polar dust emission and
utilize a simple but effective strategy to infer its prevalence among type-1
AGNs. The SEDs of high- peculiar AGNs, including the extremely red quasars,
mid-IR warm-excess AGNs, and hot dust-obscured galaxies, can be also reproduced
by our model. These results indicate that the IR SEDs of most AGNs, regardless
of redshift or luminosity, arise from similar circumnuclear torus properties
but differ mainly due to the optical depths of extended obscuring dust
components.Comment: 37 pages, 22 figures, 5 tables; accepted for publication in The
Astrophysical Journal; the AGN templates can be retrieved from
https://github.com/karlan/AGN_template
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