262,810 research outputs found
Empirical study of the business growth strategy related to the added value by intellectual capital
[EN] Four consecutive years of more than a thousand Spanish companies from different economic sectors are analyzed to determine the influence of intellectual capital on the business growth strategy. One of the purposes of this work is to establish a classification criterion of the strategic behaviour of a company linked to the growth of three factors: the demand of the sector, the sales of the company and the financial sustainability of the company. Another purpose is to develop and validate an appropriate classification of where the value added by human intellectual capital is structurally concentrated and used according to the strategic behaviour, growth and sector of the company. Interesting conclusions are drawn about the strategic behaviour of the company and its intangible capital, as well as a different method for classifying companies according to their growth, which helps predict business profitability.The authors would like to acknowledge the grants T-CUE Doctoral prize for research on topics directly related to business needs, the grants of the PhD extraordinary award and the support of the University of Burgos to facilitate access to data gathering in relation to the work presented in the paper.Alcalde-Delgado, R.; SĂĄiz-BĂĄrcena, L.; Olmo, R.; PĂ©rez, C. (2020). Empirical study of the business growth strategy related to the added value by intellectual capital. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 8(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2020.10817OJS11281Alcalde, R, Manzanedo M A, SĂĄiz-BĂĄrcena L (2016). Empirical evidence for a classification of firm performance according to a sustainable growth rate model. Book of Proceedings International Joint Conference - CIO-ICIEOM-IIE-AIM (IJC 2016).Ălvarez, H.F. (2008). La estructura de financiamiento y el crecimiento de las pequeñas y medianas empresas. doi: 10.13140/2.1.2627.8084Amouzesh, N., Moeinfar, Z. and Mousavi, Z. (2011). Sustainable Growth Rate and Firm Performance: Evidence From Iran Stock Exchange. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (23), 249-255.Ashford, N. (2016). De-[Constructing] Growth. Sustainability, 8(11), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111140Chen, M.-C., Cheng, S.-J., Hwang, Y. (2005). An empirical investigation of the relationship between intellectual capital and firms' market value and financial performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6 (2),159-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930510592771Davidsson, P., Achtenhagen, L. and Naldi, L. (2010). Small firm growth. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneur-ship, 6 (2), 69-166. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000029Demir, R., Wennberg, K., & McKelvie, A. (2017). The strategic management of high-growth firms: A review and theoretical conceptualization. Long Range Planning, 50(4), 431-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2016.09.004Firer, S.; Mitchell Williams, S. (2003). Intellectual capital and traditional measures of corporate performance. Journal of intellectual capital, 4 (3), 348-360. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930310487806Gan, K. and Saleh, Z. (2008). Intellectual capital and corporate performance of technology-intensive companies: Malaysia evidence. Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 1 (1), 113-130.GarcĂa Muñiz, L.H. (2011). Evidencia empĂrica de la evaluaciĂłn del modelo de crecimiento sostenible de Higgins en empresas mexicanas durante el periodo 1998-2008. (Doctoral thesis). Instituto PolitĂ©cnico Nacional, MĂ©xico D.F.Ghanei, H. Ramezani Kheibari, A. (2015) A Survey of the relationship between intellectual capital and firm performance criteria. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2 (7), 280-284.Godet, M. (1994). From Anticipation to Action: a handbook of strategic prospective. Paris, Francia: Unesco.Greco, G., Ferramosca, S., Allegrini, M. (2014). Exploring intellectual capital in family firms. An empirical investi-gation. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 11 (2), pp. 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2014.060802Guerras, L.M. and Navas, E. (2015). La DirecciĂłn estratĂ©gica de la empresa. TeorĂa y Aplicaciones. Navarra, España: Aranzadi.Gupta, M. (2015). Intellectual Capital & Firm Profitability: An Empirical Study on the IT Sector listed in NSE. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary studies, 4 (4), pp. 105-108.Hajeb, H.R., Moghaddam, A.G. and Alipour, S. (2015). An investigation of intellectual capital impact on companies' market value and financial performace. Academic Journal of Accounting and Economic Researches, 4 (3), 131-139.Haris, M., Yao, H., Tariq, G., Malik, A., & Javaid, H. M. (2019). Intellectual Capital Performance and Profitability of Banks: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020056Higgins, R.C. (1977). How much growth can a firm afford?. Financial Management, 6 (3), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.2307/3665251Higgins, R.C. (2007). Analysis of Financial Management. New York: McGraw-Hill.Joshi, M., Cahill, D., Sidhu, J., Kansal, M. (2013) Intellectual capital and financial perfor-mance: an evaluation of the Australian financial sector. Journal of intellectual capital, 14 (2), 264-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931311323887Kabue, L. W., & Kilika, J. M. (2016). Firm resources, core competencies and sustainable competitive advantage: An integrative theoretical framework. Journal of management and strategy, 7(1), 98-108. https://doi.org/10.5430/jms.v7n1p98Kai Wah Chu, S., Hang Chan, K., Wu, W.W. (2011). Charting intellectual capital performance of the gateway to China. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 12 (2), 249-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931111123412Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2004). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Lambert, S. (2015). The importance of classification to business model research. Journal of Business Models, 3(1),49-61.Maditinos, D., Chatzoudes, D., Tsairidis, C.; Theriou, G. (2011). The impact of intellectual capital on firms' market value and financial performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 12 (1), 132-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931111097944Magreta, J. (2001). La AdministraciĂłn en la Nueva EconomĂa. Nuevas Perspectivas. Mexico: Oxford University Press.Mahdjour, S. (2015). Set up for growth? - an exploratory analysis of the relationship of growth intention and business models. Manchester: The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919615400095Mukherjee, T., & Sen, S. S. (2019). Intellectual Capital and Corporate Sustainable Growth: The Indian Evidence. The East Asian Journal of Business Management (EAJBM), 9(2), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.13106/jbees.2019.vol9.no2.5Najafizadeh, S.A., Fordoei, E.J. (2014). Investigation the Effect of Intellectual Capital on Market Value and Financial Performance of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Global Journal of Management Studies and Re-searches, 1 (3), 143-150.Peñate Santana, Y. (2013). Factores determinantes del crecimiento de las pymes: el papel de las capacidades dinĂĄ-micas y la orientaciĂłn emprendedora. (Doctoral thesis). University of Oviedo, Spain.Pew Tan, H., Plowman, D. and Hancock, P. (2007). Intellectual capital and financial returns of companies. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8 (1), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930710715079Pulic, A. (1998). Measuring the performance of intellectual potential in knowledge economy. Paper presented at the 2nd McMaster Word Congress on Measuring and Managing Intellectual Capital, McMaster University, Hamilton.Pulic, A. (2000). VAICâą-an accounting tool for IC management. International journal of technology management, 20 (5-8), 702-714.https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2000.002891Pulic, A. (2004). Intellectual capital-does it create or destroy value?. Measuring business excellence, 8 (1), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040410524757Pulic, A. (2008). The principles of intellectual capital efficiency-A brief description. Inspired by Knowledge in Or-ganisations, 182 (1), 67-93.Salazar, B. C., Villegas, E. (2019). Intellectual capital of industrial sector Mexican companies measured through the VAICâą model. Journal of Administrative Science, 1(1), 1-9.Sallenave, J.-P. (1991). Gerencia y planeaciĂłn estratĂ©gica. BogotĂĄ, Colombia: Norma.Sallenave, J.P. (2002). Gerencia integral. BogotĂĄ, Colombia: Norma.Sardo, F., & Serrasqueiro, Z. (2018). Intellectual capital, growth opportunities, and financial performance in European firms: Dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(4), 747-767. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-07-2017-0099Schwab, L., Gold, S., & Reiner, G. (2019). Exploring financial sustainability of SMEs during periods of production growth: A simulation study. International Journal of Production Economics, 212, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.12.023Shiu, H. (2006), The application of the value added intellectual coefficient to measure corporate performance: evidence from technological firms, International Journal of Management, 23(2), 356-365.Socolich Mansilla, M.I. (2007). Desempeño financiero y creaciĂłn de valor en empresas chilenas fusionadas. (Doctoral thesis). Universidad de Chile, Chile.Smriti, N., & Das, N. (2018). The impact of intellectual capital on firm performance: a study of Indian firms listed in COSPI. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(5), 935-964. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-11-2017-0156Svanadze, S., Kowalewska, M. (2015). The measurement of intellectual capital by VAIC method example of WIG20. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 3 (2), 36-44.Ulum, I., Ghozali, I. and Purwanto, A. (2014). Intellectual Capital Performance of Indonesian Banking Sector: A Modi-fied VAIC (M-VAIC) Perspective. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 6 (2), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v6i2.5246Xu, J., & Wang, B. (2018). Intellectual capital, financial performance and companies' sustainable growth: Evidence from the Korean manufacturing industry. Sustainability, 10(12), 4651. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124651Zia, M., Muhammad, H., Arbab, S., Shahzad, A., Bilal, S. (2014). VAIC and Firm Performance: Banking Sector Of Pakistan. Information and Knowledge Management, 4 (2), 100-107
Effect of exploitation and exploration on the innovative as outcomes in entrepreneurial firms
[EN] The main aim of this study is to establish the effect of the Exploitation and Exploration; and the influence of these learning flows on the Innovative Outcome (IO). The Innovative Outcome refers to new products, services, processes (or improvements) that the organization has obtained as a result of an innovative process. For this purpose, a relationship model is defined, which is empirically contrasted, and can explains and predicts the cyclical dynamization of learning flows on innovative outcome in knowledge intensive firms.
The quantitative test for this model use the data from entrepreneurial firms biotechnology sector. The statistical analysis applies a method based on variance using Partial Least Squares (PLS).
Research results confirm the hypotheses, that is, they show a positive dynamic effect between the Exploration and the Innovative as outcomes. In the same vein, they results confirm the presence of the cyclic movement of innovative outcome with the Exploitation.In addition, this research is part of the Project ECO2015-71380-R funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the State Research Agency. Co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).Vargas-Mendoza, NY.; Lloria, MB.; Salazar Afanador, A.; Vergara DomĂnguez, L. (2018). Effect of exploitation and exploration on the innovative as outcomes in entrepreneurial firms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 14(4):1053-1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0496-5S10531069144Alegre, J., & Chiva, R. (2008). Assessing the impact of organizational learning capability on product innovation performance: an empirical test. 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Intellectual Capital dan Knowledge Management dalam Inovasi dan Kreasi Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Kemampuan 4C dan Literasi
Education is the key to improving the quality of the nation's generation that is dynamic, following the needs and developments that exist. Industrial Revolution 4.0, where technological sophistication can do things that were previously considered difficult to do, also have an impact on education. This is a challenge for schools, especially in terms of preparing their educators to be able to form learners to be tough and ready to compete in the world of technology. Learning media is one of the factors that play an important role in learning that intersects with technology and gives a big influence on students. The use of internet-based technology has also been widely applied in learning media in schools. But the problem is, educators need to take an important role in terms of innovation and the creation of learning media that they use daily in classroom learning activities so as to support the needs of students in accordance with 4C skills (communicative, cooperative, creative, and critical thinking) and literacy culture. In this case, it is very important for schools to identify intellectual capital, namely the knowledge capital that is in school, which is the educators and how to properly manage all existing knowledge. This article examines the importance of intellectual capital and knowledge management in a school organization so that schools can manage existing knowledge in order to create innovation and learning media creation
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING: SEBUAH TELAAH LITERATUR
Intellectual Capital becomes an interesting topic to discuss and to research
because it provides more value for the company thereby increasing competitiveness. Many
companies still think that physical assets such as land, machinery, and labor that can
generate profits for the company, so that the exclusion of non-physical assets (intellectual
capital) such as, knowledge and competence of employees, customer relationships,
innovation, and administration of computer systems, creativity in designing a unique product
as well as the ability to master technology. Therefore, it should be realized by the owners or
top management that the training programs to improve employee competency needs to be
improved rather than just buying land for business expansion and new machinery. Based on
the research from experts proves that companies that have a more intellectual capital than its
competitors the company more profitable, as well as financial performance and firm value
better. Viewed from the standpoint of accounting, disclosure of intellectual capital can be
seen from the financial reporting of the company through good training programs and human
resource spending can increase employee competency, so that the impact effect on Free Cash
Flow (FCF) is risin
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING: SEBUAH TELAAH LITERATUR
Intellectual Capital becomes an interesting topic to discuss and to research
because it provides more value for the company thereby increasing competitiveness. Many
companies still think that physical assets such as land, machinery, and labor that can
generate profits for the company, so that the exclusion of non-physical assets (intellectual
capital) such as, knowledge and competence of employees, customer relationships,
innovation, and administration of computer systems, creativity in designing a unique product
as well as the ability to master technology. Therefore, it should be realized by the owners or
top management that the training programs to improve employee competency needs to be
improved rather than just buying land for business expansion and new machinery. Based on
the research from experts proves that companies that have a more intellectual capital than its
competitors the company more profitable, as well as financial performance and firm value
better. Viewed from the standpoint of accounting, disclosure of intellectual capital can be
seen from the financial reporting of the company through good training programs and human
resource spending can increase employee competency, so that the impact effect on Free Cash
Flow (FCF) is risin
Intellectual capital efficiency and the performance of socially responsible companies included in the WIG-Energy
Cel â Celem badaĆ podjÄtych w artykule jest identyfikacja wpĆywu efektywnoĆci kapitaĆu intelektualnego i jego komponentĂłw na wyniki spĂłĆek spoĆecznie odpowiedzialnych indeksu WIG-Energia. Metoda badaĆ â W artykule zastosowano rĂłĆŒnorodne metody badawcze, takie jak metoda desk research, oparta na analizie danych zawartych w raportach rocznych spĂłĆek spoĆecznie odpowiedzialnych indeksu WIG-Energia, metoda VAICâą, ktĂłrÄ
wykorzystano do pomiaru kapitaĆu intelektualnego, a takĆŒe analiza korelacji Pearsona oraz analiza regresji liniowej, ktĂłre stanowiĆy podstawÄ badania wpĆywu efektywnoĆci kapitaĆu intelektualnego na wybrane miary opisujÄ
ce wyniki analizowanych podmiotĂłw. Wnioski â Przeprowadzone badania wykazaĆy wpĆyw efektywnoĆci kapitaĆu intelektualnego na rentownoĆÄ kapitaĆu wĆasnego (ROE), a takĆŒe bieĆŒÄ
cÄ
wycenÄ przez rynek wartoĆci ksiÄgowej mierzonÄ
wskaĆșnikiem P/BV (cena rynkowa/wartoĆÄ ksiÄgowa). Nie wykazaĆy natomiast znaczÄ
cego wpĆywu na rentownoĆÄ aktywĂłw (ROA). PozwoliĆy zauwaĆŒyÄ ponadto zrĂłĆŒnicowany wpĆyw komponentĂłw kapitaĆu intelektualnego na poszczegĂłlne miary opisujÄ
ce wyniki spĂłĆek spoĆecznie odpowiedzialnych indeksu WIG-Energia. Na rentownoĆÄ kapitaĆu wĆasnego (ROE) znaczÄ
cy wpĆyw ma efektywnoĆÄ kapitaĆu strukturalnego i ludzkiego. Z kolei na bieĆŒÄ
cÄ
wycenÄ przez rynek wartoĆci ksiÄgowej (P/BV) znaczÄ
cy wpĆyw ma efektywnoĆÄ kapitaĆu ludzkiego. OryginalnoĆÄ / wartoĆÄ / implikacje / rekomendacje â ArtykuĆ wypeĆnia lukÄ badawczÄ
w obszarze kapitaĆu intelektualnego w kontekĆcie jego wpĆywu na wyniki przedsiÄbiorstw sektora energetycznego. Aspekt ten nadal jest niedostatecznie reprezentowany w badaniach, a to wĆaĆnie dla podmiotĂłw tego typu, ktĂłre opierajÄ
swojÄ
dziaĆalnoĆÄ na specjalistycznej wiedzy oraz nowoczesnych technologiach, kapitaĆ intelektualny staje siÄ kluczowym czynnikiem sukcesu. Opracowanie stanowi punkt wyjĆcia do dalszych badaĆ, dlatego teĆŒ koncentracja uwagi skupiona zostaĆa wyĆÄ
cznie na spĂłĆkach indeksu WIG-Energia, ktĂłre znalazĆy siÄ jednoczeĆnie w indeksie WIG-ESG, zrzeszajÄ
cym podmioty speĆniajÄ
ce najwyĆŒsze standardy w obszarze spoĆecznej odpowiedzialnoĆci biznesu.Purpose â The aim of the research is to identify the impact of efficiency of intellectual capital and its components on the performance of socially responsible companies included in the WIG-Energy index. Research method â Various methods of research were used in this paper, such as the method of desk research consisting of an analysis of data contained in the annual reports of socially responsible companies included in the WIG-Energy index, the VAICâą method which has been used to measure the intellectual capital, as well as Pearson correlation coefficients and the linear regression analysis, which were the basis for the study of the impact of intellectual capital efficiency on selected measures describing the performance of analysed companies. Results â The conducted studies showed the impact of intellectual capital efficiency on the return on equity (ROE) and the current market valuation of the book value measured by the P/BV ratio (price/book value). However, they did not show a significant impact on return on assets (ROA). In addition, the studies have pointed at the diversified impact of intellectual capital components on the measures describing the performance of socially responsible companies included in the WIG-Energy index. The return on equity (ROE) is significantly influenced by the efficiency of structural and human capital. In turn, the current market valuation of the book value (P/BV) is significantly influenced by the efficiency of human capital. Originality /value / implications /recommendations â The article intends to fill the gap in the field of intellectual capital in the context of its impact on the performance of energy sector companies. This aspect is still underrepresented in research. However, this is currently a significant issue because, for such types of companies that base their activities on specialist knowledge and modern technologies, the intellectual capital becomes a key factor for success. This paper provides a starting point for further research. Therefore, the focus is solely on companies from the WIG-Energy index simultaneously belonging to the WIG-ESG index, which covers companies that meet the highest standards in the field of corporate social responsibility.GraĆŒyna Michalczuk: [email protected] Konarzewska: [email protected] Rutkowska: [email protected]ĆŒyna Michalczuk - WydziaĆ Ekonomii i FinansĂłw, Uniwersytet w BiaĆymstokuUrszula Konarzewska - WydziaĆ Ekonomii i FinansĂłw, Uniwersytet w BiaĆymstokuIzabela Rutkowska - SzkoĆa Doktorska Nauk SpoĆecznych, Uniwersytet w BiaĆymstokuAhmed S.S., Guozhu J., Mubarik S., Khan M., Khan E., 2019, Intellectual capital and business performance: the role of dimensions of absorptive capacity, âJournal of Intellectual Capitalâ, vol. 21(1), pp. 23-39, DOI 10.1108/JIC-11-2018-0199.Al-Musali M.A.K., Ismail K.N.I.K., 2014, Intellectual capital and its effect on financial performance of banks: evidence from Saudi Arabia, âProcedia-Social and Behavioral
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Securing intellectual capital:an exploratory study in Australian universities
Purpose â To investigate the links between IC and the protection of data, information and knowledge in universities, as organizations with unique knowledge-related foci and challenges.Design/methodology/approach â We gathered insights from existing IC-related research publications to delineate key foundational aspects of IC, identify and propose links to traditional information security that impact the protection of IC. We conducted interviews with key stakeholders in Australian universities in order to validate these links.Findings â Our investigation revealed two kinds of embeddedness characterizing the organizational fabric of universities: (1) vertical and (2) horizontal, with an emphasis on the connection between these and IC-related knowledge protection within these institutions.Research implications â There is a need to acknowledge the different roles played by actors within the university, and the relevance of information security to IC-related preservation.Practical implications â Framing information security as an IC-related issue can help IT security managers communicate the need for knowledge security with executives in higher education, and secure funding to preserve and secure such IC-related knowledge, once its value is recognized.Originality/value â This is one of the first studies to explore the connections between data and information security and the three core components of ICâs knowledge security in the university context
A new framework for a technological perspective of knowledge management
Rapid change is a defining characteristic of our modern society. This has huge impact on society, governments, and businesses. Businesses are forced to fundamentally transform themselves to survive in a challenging economy. Transformation implies change in the way business is conducted, in the way people perform their contribution to the organisation, and in the way the organisation perceives and manages its vital assets â which increasingly are built around the key assets of intellectual capital and knowledge. The latest management tool and realisation of how to respond to the challenges of the economy in the new millennium, is the idea of "knowledge management" (KM). In this study we have focused on synthesising the many confusing points of view about the subject area, such as: a. different focus points or perspectives; b. different definitions and positioning of the subject; as well as c. a bewildering number of definitions of what knowledge is and what KM entails. There exists a too blurred distinction in popular-magazine-like sources about this area between subjects and concepts such as: knowledge versus information versus data; the difference between information management and knowledge management; tools available to tackle the issues in this field of study and practice; and the role technology plays versus the huge hype from some journalists and within the vendor community. Today there appears to be a lack of a coherent set of frameworks to abstract, comprehend, and explain this subject area; let alone to build successful systems and technologies with which to apply KM. The study is comprised of two major parts: 1. In the first part the study investigates the concepts, elements, drivers, and challenges related to KM. A set of models for comprehending these issues and notions is contributed as we considered intellectual capital, organizational learning, communities of practice, and best practices. 2. The second part focuses on the technology perspective of KM. Although KM is primarily concerned with non-technical issues this study concentrates on the technical issues and challenges. A new technology framework for KM is proposed to position and relate the different KM technologies as well as the two key applications of KM, namely knowledge portals and knowledge discovery (including text mining). It is concluded that KM and related concepts and notions need to be understood firmly as well as effectively positioned and employed to support the modern business organisation in its quest to survive and grow. The main thesis is that KM technology is a necessary but insufficient prerequisite and a key enabler for successful KM in a rapidly changing business environment.Thesis (PhD (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2010.Computer Scienceunrestricte
Value creation through HR shared services: towards a conceptual framework
Purpose â The purpose of this paper is to derive a measure for the performance of human resource shared service providers (HR SSPs) and then to develop a theoretical framework that conceptualises their performance.\ud
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Design/methodology/approach â This conceptual paper starts from the HR shared services argument and integrates this with the knowledge-based view of the firm and the concept of intellectual capital.\ud
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Findings â We recommend measuring HR SSP performance as HR value, referring to the ratio between use value and exchange value, that together reflect both transactional and transformational HR value. We argue that transactional HR value directly flows from the organisational capital in HR SSPs, whereas human and social capitals enable them to leverage their organisational capital for HR value creation. We argue that the human capital of HR SSPs has a direct effect on transformational HR value creation, while their social and organisational capitals positively moderate this relationship.\ud
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Originality/value â The suggested measure paves the way for operationalising and measuring the performance of HR shared services providers. This paper offers testable propositions for the relationships between intellectual capital and the performance of HR shared service providers. These contributions could assist future research to move beyond the descriptive nature that characterises the existing literature
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