Port state control and its implication on ship safety

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/702 on 10.04.2017 by CS (TIS)Over the past twenty years a growth in sub-standard shipping has been observed. The thesis identifies the causes of this growth. It then identifies Port State Control (PSC) as a measure evolved by some states, with the purpose of removing sub-standard shipping from their waters, and thereby improving maritime safely and the protection of the environment. The purpose of this programme of research is to assess the effectiveness of PSC in achieving its purpose. An eclectic research methodology has been adopted which first considers, in depth, the global and regional context in which PSC functions. Taking the Port of Hong Kong as an example, the study then reviews how PSC operates in practice. Shipping casualty data is examined to test the merits of targeting ships for PSC inspection. Finally the expert opinion of both official and wider marine communities in Hong Kong is sampled in order to form an overall view on the effectiveness of PSC. The research reveals considerable agreement between all parties that PSC, in general is achieving its purpose. It also recognizes that PSC should only be a "second line of defence" in combating sub-standard shipping. The first line remains Flag State enforcement of standards, accompanied by wider development of a safety culture in the shipping industry.Marine Department, Hong Kong, Chin

Study and analysis of passage planning principles. Voyage planning and monitoring from Sakai to Point Fortin

Proper bridge procedures, team management and voyage planning are the most important principles to achieve the safest and most effective navigational passage from berth to berth. A significant percentage of maritime accidents and casualties are associated with human error. Concretely, with how passage planning and route monitoring are done. Over the cadetship enrolment on board the principles of passage planning are studied and analysed. The voyage from sakai (japan) to point fortin (trinidad and tobago) is elaborated and monitored step by step to promote deck officer cadets the acquisition of these competences. Additionally, this thesis contributes with an assessment of vessel performance on safety matters and economic and environmental costs

Love thy neighbour? Coronavirus politics and their impact on EU freedoms and rule of law in the Schengen Area. CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe No. 2020-04, April 2020

Restrictions on international and intra-EU traffic of persons have been at the heart of the political responses to the coronavirus pandemic. Border controls and suspensions of entry and exist have been presented as key policy priorities to prevent the spread of the virus in the EU. These measures pose however fundamental questions as to the raison d’être of the Union, and the foundations of the Single Market, the Schengen system and European citizenship. They are also profoundly intrusive regarding the fundamental rights of individuals and in many cases derogate domestic and EU rule of law checks and balances over executive decisions. This Paper examines the legality of cross-border mobility restrictions introduced in the name of COVID-19. It provides an in-depth typology and comprehensive assessment of measures including the reintroduction of internal border controls, restrictions of specific international traffic modes and intra-EU and international ‘travel bans’. Many of these have been adopted in combination with declarations of a ‘state of emergency’

Control of position sensor input to Ecdis on high speed craft

Project thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Position and Navigation Technology at The University of NottinghamBy 2018 all larger ships are to be equipped with Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). The paradigm shift from paper charts to electronic charts has been a technological leap for mariners, and the Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) are getting more and more complex. This leads to new challenges for the navigators of today. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS are the primary position sensor input for ECDIS, and it has since its early beginning in the middle of the 1990s been very reliable. National and worldwide statistics show that there has been a slight increase in navigational accidents since the introduction of ECDIS, but the reasons for this is not clear. In the literature review it is laid down that position sensors have its potential fault, and GNSS and its augmentation systems is described to better understand its advantageous and limitations. Control of ECDIS with position control methods are explored, and divided into two methods of control: Visual- and Conventional methods. Through field work, simulator tests and interviews the findings are clear. The navigators of today rely too much upon their primary position sensor which normally is a GNSS such as GPS. A questionnaire reveals that the navigators have insufficient deeper system knowledge of the navigation aids in use. This can lead to a potentially serious accident with loss of lives and large environmental damage. To achieve safe navigation it is important to continuously conduct control of primary position sensor input to ECDIS with a secondary position sensor by visual- and/or conventional control methods. The advantages and limitations with the different methods of control are discussed. Position sensors such as GNSS can fail, and navigators of today and tomorrow need to monitor the position sensor input to ECDIS with other means than GNSS

Investigation of the Influences of Human Error Factor in Maritime Transportation

Marine transport has a vital role in people and cargo transport across the world, where, more than 90% of the world’s cargo transports by merchant ships. Marine transport industry is considered one of the huge and high-risk industries. This clarify why safety is one of the imperatives of the maritime industry and which highly affect the success and efficient exist of this industry. Therefore, reducing the associate risks and improving maritime safety are of the essential requirements for main marine transport industry. There are many parameters contributing into improving maritime safety and reducing the associate risks of accidents. Efforts are presented and attention is given by shipping industry toward that. This is mainly by focusing in safety regulations, improving ship’s structural design and construction methodologies and techniques and by improving ship’s systems operation and reliability. Accordingly, improvements in ship’s hull design, building processes and methodologies; utilization of advanced technologies and equipment and improving ships legislation and regulations have been clearly noticed. Instead of that, the maritime casualty rate and accidents are still high. This is because ship structure and system reliability are a relatively small part of the safety equation. Where, ship safety is highly affected by human actions as the majority of maritime accidents are consequences of human error. Meanwhile, human factors have the largest share in marine accidents, where, more than 80% of marine accidents have been caused by human error. Therefore, human error is one of the most important issues concerning global maritime communities and it is one of the important factors in the assessment of maritime accidents. Several studies are conducted to assess the contribution of human factors in maritime accidents in order to reduce the overall number of marine accidents. The study of human behavior in the field of marine activities is challenging task due to the difficulties, expenses, and time-consuming factors. Moreover, there is lack of information on the role of human in marine accidents. This study aiming at presenting the effect of human errors in the overall maritime safety. This is through analyzing 98 of ships accidents happened during 2014-2017 to investigate the main parameters contributing in these accidents, identify human error related causes and estimate the overall contribution of the human error causes to the occurrence of these accidents. The results of the analysis indicated that 75% of the causes of the registered accidents were due to human error. In order to provide details about the contribution of the human error to the overall ship accidents causes, analysis to the reported accidents by European Marine Casualty Information Platform from 2011-2017 for cargo ships, fishing vessels, passenger ships and service ships. The results of survey indicated high contribution of human error to the causes of ships accidents, where it represents: • 62.2% of the total of 156 accidental events analyzed of service ships • 60.8% of the total of 781 accidental events analyzed of cargo ships • 54.4% of the total of 338 accidental events analyzed of fishing vessels • 51.4% of the total of 319 accidental events analyzed of passenger ships Moreover, a detailed analysis of a collision case study between Kuwaiti oil tanker “Kaifan” and cargo ship “Unison Star” collided at Chittagong - Bangladesh anchorage area (2017). The analysis of the collision case study conducted using step-by-step events evaluation technique and a systematic process for accident investigation based on comprehensive and multi linear description of events sequences using STEP methodology to investigate rout causes of the collision and identify the contribution of human error causes. The results of investigation clearly prove the contribution of human error as a main factor led to collision. In addition, this thesis investigates collision avoidance procedures, which use a dedicated negotiation and communication system to optimize locally found trajectories according to a global performance measure. This is by introducing, discussing and analyzing of three ship collisions avoidance algorithms based on multiple‐ship situations, which are the Distributed Local Search Algorithm (DLSA), the Distributed Tabu Search Algorithm (DTSA) and the Distributed Stochastic Search Algorithm (DSSA) Furthermore, in experimental results, compared to DLSA and DTSA, DSSA produced good results, such as decreasing the number of messages. Therefore, DSSA enables ships to exchange significantly fewer messages than DLSA and DTSA then I developed a mathematical algorithm for the risk assessment and collision avoidance and calculating collision risk index and present a criteria to be applied and present the MATLAB code which used to calculate collision risk index. Finally, the thesis ended by detailed conclusions, remarks and recommendations to improve maritime safety and improving human factor by eliminating the concerned associated errors.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Motivation and Problem Identification 1 1.2 Ship Accident Types 2 1.3 Human Error Definition 4 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Aim and Objectives 6 1.6 Contribution 7 1.7 Thesis Structure 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Investigation the Causes of Marine Accident 10 2.2.1 Gained Points from Literature Review 14 2.2.2 Human Errors Contribution on Maritime Accidents 14 2.2.3 Gained Points from Literature Review of Human Error Contribution 17 2.3 Marine Accident Investigation Methods 18 2.3.1 Events and Causal Factors Charting (ECFC) 18 2.3.2 STEP (Sequential Timed Events Plotting) 21 2.3.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 22 2.3.4 Event Tree Analysis 23 2.3.5 Root Cause Analysis 25 2.3.6 SHELL Analysis Method 27 2.3.7 Step-By-Step Approach 29 Chapter 3 Analysis and Investigation of Human Error Influences on Maritime Transportation 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Analysis of KOTC’s Ships Accidents 31 3.2.1 Statistical Survey of KOTC’s Ships Accidents 31 3.2.2 Human Error Types on Ship Accidents 36 3.3 Analysis of Ship Accidents Types and Causes Reported By EMCIP 39 3.4 Human Error Contribution to the Overall Ships Accidents (2011 – 2017) 42 Chapter 4 Detailed Analysis Methodology of KOTC Ship Accident Case Study 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Description of Chittagong – Bangladesh Port 55 4.3 Description of Vessels 59 4.3.1 Kaifan Oil Tanker 59 4.3.2 Unison Star Bulk Carrier 62 4.4 Collision Case Study 64 4.4.1 Course of Events 64 4.4.2 Comprehensive and Multi-Linear Description of the Accident Process 68 4.4.3 Collision Consequences 71 4.4.4 Results and Discussion 73 4.5 Recommendation 75 Chapter 5 Ships Collision Avoidance Algorithm 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Framework and Terminology 78 5.2.1 Framework 78 5.2.2 Terminology 80 5.2.3 Cost and Improvement 84 5.3 Distributed Local Search Algorithm 87 5.3.1 Reason of Selection 87 5.3.2 DLSA Procedure 88 5.3.3 Results 91 5.4 Distributed Tabu Search Algorithm 92 5.4.1 Reason of Selection 92 5.4.2 DTSA Procedure 93 5.4.3 Simulation 96 5.4.4 Results 101 5.5 Distributed Stochastic Search Algorithm 101 5.5.1 Reason of Selection 101 5.5.2 DSSA Procedure 102 5.5.3 Simulation 103 5.5.4 Results 105 5.6 Comparative Analysis between Distributed Algorithms 106 5.6.1 Results 109 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 110 6.1 Conclusions 110 6.2 Recommendation 115 Acknowledgement 118 References 119 Appendix (A) Mathematical Collision Avoidance Algorithm 125Docto