Evaluation of Planar Silicon Pixel Sensors with the RD53A Readout Chip for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Inner Tracker

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will undergo an upgrade in order to increase its luminosity to $7.5 \times 10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The increased luminosity during this High-Luminosity running phase (HL-LHC), starting around 2029, means a higher rate of proton-proton interactions, hence a larger ionizing dose and particle fluence for the detectors. The current tracking system of the CMS experiment will be fully replaced in order to cope with the new operating conditions. Prototype planar pixel sensors for the CMS Inner Tracker with square $50 \mu$m $\times \; 50 \mu$m and rectangular $100 \mu$m $\times \; 25 \mu$m pixels read out by the RD53A chip were characterized in the lab and at the DESY-II testbeam facility in order to identify designs that meet the requirements of CMS at the HL-LHC. A spatial resolution of approximately 3.4$\mu$m (2$\mu$m) is obtained using the modules with $50 \mu$m $\times \; 50 \mu$m ($100 \mu$m $\times \; 25 \mu$m) pixels at the optimal angle of incidence before irradiation. After irradiation to a 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence of $\Phi_{\rm eq} = 5.3 \times 10^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$, a resolution of 9.4$\mu$m is achieved at a bias voltage of 800 V using a module with $50 \mu$m $\times \; 50 \mu$m pixel size. All modules retain a hit efficiency in excess of 99\% after irradiation to fluences up to $2.1 \times 10^{16}$ cm$^{-2}$. Further studies of the electrical properties of the modules, especially crosstalk, are also presented in this paper

Evaluation of HPK n+n^+-pp planar pixel sensors for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade

To cope with the challenging environment of the planned high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2029, CMS will replace its entire tracking system. The requirements for the tracker are largely determined by the long operation time of 10 years with an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to $7.5\times 10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ in the ultimate performance scenario. Depending on the radial distance from the interaction point, the silicon sensors will receive a particle fluence corresponding to a non-ionizing energy loss of up to $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 3.5\times 10^{16}$ cm$^{-2}$ . This paper focuses on planar pixel sensor design and qualification up to a fluence of $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 1.4\times 10^{16}$ cm$^{-2}$. For the development of appropriate planar pixel sensors an R\&D program was initiated, which includes $n^+$-$p$ sensors on 150 mm (6'') wafers with an active thickness of 150 $\mu m$ with pixel sizes of $100\times 25$ $\mu m^2$ and $50\times 50$ $\mu m^2$ manufactured by Hamamatsu. Single chip modules with ROC4Sens and RD53A readout chips were made. Irradiation with protons and neutrons, as well was an extensive test beam campaign at DESY were carried out. This paper presents the investigation of various assemblies mainly with ROC4Sens readout chips. It demonstrates that multiple designs fulfill the requirements in terms of breakdown voltage, leakage current and efficiency. The single point resolution for $50\times 50$ $\mu m^2$ pixels is measured as 4.0 $\mu m$ for non-irradiated samples, and 6.3 $\mu m$ after irradiation to $\Phi_{\text{eq}} = 7.2\times 10^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$

Study of the physicochemical quality of water in the Sebi-Ponty basin at Diamniadio (Senegal)

The Sebi-Ponty dam has a basin that is widely used by the population for agro-pastoral activities (animal watering, agriculture, etc.). This basin covers an average area of 106,000 m2 and an average depth of 7 m or about a volume of 435,000 m3. The origin of the water is rainfall (runoff and direct descent). The availability of water is estimated to eight months taking into account the water being drawn, infiltration and evaporation. A qualitative knowledge of the contents of this pool will be a great benefit to those activities of the population. Itrsquos in this context that this study was carried out by this group of researchers, following physic-chemical compositions were targeted: turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness alkalinity, nitrite, iron, phosphate, boron, and chlorine concentrations. The physico-chemical results obtained on samples taken in the basin between October and December showed that the concentrations of boron, iron and nitrite exceeded the levels recommended by the standard for agro pastoral needs. While turbidity, color, temperature, conductivity, pH, hardness, alkalinity, phosphate and chlorine are at acceptable levels

The Development of New Casting Alloys Intended for Operation Under Extreme Conditions and Some Techniques of Making Castings From Them

The article studies new heat-resistant and wear resistant materials for operation under extreme conditions, especially in the power industry. The methods that improve the quality of a metal in metal castings through the influence of alloying elements on its structure and properties have been considered. These methods are very effective for reducing the tendency of a metal to form a coarse–grained structure. The paper describes optimal techniques for melting special alloys in induction and electric furnaces. A set of rules for the selection of a melting temperature before pouring a metal into the casting forms depending on the dimensions, wall thickness, geometry of castings have been determined. The behavior of new alloys under the conditions of high temperatures, aggressive environments has been studied.It has been established that heat–resistant Cr–Al steels exhibit high heat resistance and wear resistance properties; they 6–8 times surpass Cr–Ni steels in oxidation resistance. The proposed Cr–Mn cast iron processed in an integrated manner with REM (rare earth metals) and Ti is superior to a basic cast iron in conditions of a heavy wear. Numerous industrial trials confirm the usefulness of recommended new casting materials for use under extreme conditions

The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor: Results from the first two years

In the first two years since the launch of the Fermi Observatory, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has detected over 500 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), of which 18 were confidently detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) above 100 MeV. Besides GRBs, GBM has triggered on other transient sources, such as Soft Gamma Repeaters (SGRs), Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and solar flares. Here we present the science highlights of the GBM observations.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Science with the New Generation of High Energy Gamma-ray Experiments (SciNeGHE 2010), Nuovo Cimento C, in pres

Biodiversity of Freshwater Shrimp of the Genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda Palaemonidae) in the Nyong Basin of Cameroon

The population of shrimps, especially the macrobrachium genus, has been affected with habitat pollution and overexploitation. Shrimps provide a major protein source to animals higher in the food chain. The importance of studying the ecology of shrimps in their different habitats helps in their preservation and provides possibilities of carcinoculture. This study examines diversity, ecology and reproduction parameters of fresh water shrimps of the genus macrobrachium in the basins of Lepmassoun and Ondoamedza rivers. Lepmassoun and Ondoamedza rivers form part of the larger Nyong river basin in Cameroon. In situ water physicochemical parameters were determined on site, preserved water samples used in mineral analysis and subsequent ecological health assessment. Shrimps were sampled using the scoop method with hand nets and analyzed. Sampling was done in 5 seasons distributed from January 2017 to February 2018. The results of physicochemical parameters indicate that water in the two rivers was slightly mineralized, sufficiently oxygenated and slightly turbid. It was generally a non-polluted ecological zone for shrimps. A total of 113 shrimps distributed among 14 species were collected. The shrimp population included Macrobrachium macrobrachion Macrobrachium idae, Macrobrachium rude, Macrobrachium niloticus , Macrobrachium dux Macrobrachium sp1, Macrobrachium sp2, Macrobrachium sp3,Macrobrachium sp4, Macrobrachium sp4, Macrobrachium sp5, Macrobrachium sp6, Macrobrachium sp7, Macrobrachium sp8 and Macrobrachium sp9.In the river Odoameza 11 species were collected among which Macrobrachium sp8 (26.02%) is abundant, though,in the river Lepmassoun we collected 10 species dominanced by Macrobrachium macrobrachion (22,5%). The species Macrobrachium macrobrachion is most ubiquiste throughout river Lepmassoun (%O = 83.33%) The river basin of Lepmassoun had a higher population of Macrobrachium macrobrachion with a percentage occurrence of 66.67%. then It is concluded that the water in the two river basins is of good ecological quality for shrimp survival with species Macrobrachium macrobrachion dominating in the river lepmassoun. In the river Ondoameza Macrobrachium sp8, Macrobrachium idea, Macrobrachium macrobrachion,Macrobrachium sp4 having all the percentage of occurrence (%O) of 66.67% are relatively represented. Only Macrobrachium dux have Ovigerous females in our study. This Ovigerous females ranged from 50.38 to 64.18 mm and egg size varied from 1.7 to 2 mm. The prawn attained a maximum total length and weight of 64,18 m and 2,96 g respectively. In our basins slope the Macrobrachium dux reproduces twice year during the big dry season and small dry season since production is early and the eggs are rather broad by consequence the larval development is shortened

Development of a method for the combined control of the hardness of winding textile package

Analysis of methods for determining the hardness of the winding shows that all existing methods require a lot of labor and time. When measuring the layer-by-layer hardness, the known methods do not allow obtaining continuous values, and in the case of measuring the hardness of packages of complex shape (conical bobbins, cops, spinning cobs, etc.), it requires a calculation using cumbersome formulas. In this case, the main difficulties arise in determining the volume of the layers of the winding, which in the general case have a complex configuration, and due to defects in the winding may have an irregular shape. Obviously, the described technique is rather cumbersome, and a lot of measurements and calculations are required to obtain a graph of the change in the winding hardness along the package radius. The construction of a graph of the change in hardness along the generatrix using a special device is generally problematic, since placement of more than three sources on the device is impossible due to the size of the meters, and the construction of the curve by three points cannot be considered satisfactory. Winding hardness is one of the most important parameters, on which many technological properties of the package depend. Indeed, with an increase in the hardness of the winding, the amount of material in the same volume increases, which makes it possible to replace packages less often, both on the machine that forms them, and at the subsequent transition. As a result, the equipment useful time increases. It was found that the hardness of the winding is closely related to its rigidity, and hence to the stability during transportation. The hardness of the winding affects the permeability of the package when it is treated with solutions. In this case, a huge role is played not only by the average value of the hardness, but also by its distribution over the layer

Analysis of Crystal Structure of the Welds with Friction-stir Welding Method on the Retreating Side for Bimetallic Disimilar Aa6061-cu Using Neutron Diffraction Techniques

Crystal structure analysis has been performed on bimetallic disimilar Al-Cu. Neutron diffraction analysis shows that Al lattice parameter decrease from 4.09 Å to 4.05 Å while the Cu lattice parameter is relatively constant. This is due to the melting point ofAl is much lower than the melting point of Cu. Physically, during the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process in the Stir Zone (SZ) or Nuget Welded Zone (NWZ) region, strong deformation occurs at temperatures around 500 oC. This leads to dynamic recrystallization where grains become more refined. At the Thermo Mechanically Affected Zone (TMAZ) region, atomic diffusion occurs due to a combination of strong plastic deformation at high temperatures. And for Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) area there are aluminium even with a very small percentage of weight, this is due to the exposure at a high temperature during the heating FSW process, similar with annnealing-like process, which leads to the dislocation disappears, dissolves and precipitates grain becomes rough when the temperature exceeds 250 oC

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Use of Papaya Fruit Latex in Making Herbal Medicated Multinutrition Block as a Local Goat Feed Supplement

The use of papaya latex formulated with nitrogen supplementation and minerals in the form of multinutrition blocks that can pass through the rumen is expected to improve nutritional quality and feed digestibility. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of fermented rice straw, papaya fruit latex and blood clamshell flour as a main raw material in the manufacture of multinutrition blocks plus herbal anthelmintic medicine (papaya fruit latex) on physical quality (texture, color, aroma, hardness), chemical quality (proximate composition and mineral content of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn). Microbiological tests were carried out on total bacteria, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The research design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatment levels of papaya fruit administration and 4 replications. Data is processed statistically using ANOVA. The results of organoleptic physical quality analysis showed significant differences in the texture of the product given the highest papaya latex (0.007ml / kg). Chemical analysis of the product showed a quantitative increase in protein, although statistically the treatment did not show any significant differences. The results of the analysis of the microbiological quality of the product quantitatively showed that the resulting multinutrition block herbs were not contaminated with negative bacteria. It was concluded that multinutrition block herbs can be given to livestock as supplementary feed