Convergence or divergence of educational disparities in mortality and morbidity? The evolution of life expectancy and health expectancy by educational attainment in Austria in 1981-2006

The continuous increase in life expectancy in developed countries is typically associated with an increase in the number of years in good health, whereas the number of years in bad health rather stagnates. At present relatively little is known about trends in educational disparities in mortality and particularly morbidity. By combining life tables from census follow-up with cross-sectional survey data on self-perceived health, we are able to estimate life expectancy as well as health expectancy differences between three educational groups in Austria in 1981-2006. All educational groups have substantially gained length and quality of life (both absolute and relative) during the last decades. Between medium and low educated females, we observe a significant decrease in the life expectancy difference, but a significant increase in the health expectancy difference. No significant changes in educational differences are found among males. The educational expansion of the population has shifted a large proportion of the population to lower-risk groups.

Analysis The Performance of Tobacco Company Listed In Indonesian Stock Exchange using Cash Flow Ratio Methods

This research is a descriptive research, which is aimed to examine the company’s perfromance of the tobacco industry sector listed on IDX using the cash flow ratios in four years (2011-2014). Therefore, the variable in this research was efficiency ratios and sufficiency ratio to measure the performance of the companies. The data were obtained from the annual reports of all four tobacco companies listed on IDX, as the samples of research that were selected by using census method. Then, the analysis of data were processed by Microsoft Excel program to calculate company’s efficiency and sufficiency ratios. The results of this research revealed that PT. Gudang Garam Tbk (GGRM), PT. Bentoel International Investama (RMBA), and PT. Wismilak Inti Makmur Tbk (WIIM) had bad performance in the four years, while PT. Handjaya Mandala Sampoerna (HMSP) had good perfromance in the four years. Therefore, as the conclusion, the companies that had a bad performance should pay attention to the management as acore of the company to run the business. The management of companies should manage carefully and wisely the resources that already trusted by the investors to make the profit. And the investors, based on the calculation should consider to make a decision for making profit in a company that had a good performance than bad performance to avoid risk of investment

Beyond greenspace: an ecological study of population general health and indicators of natural environment type and quality.

This is a freely-available open access publication. Please cite the published version which is available via the DOI link in this record.BACKGROUND: Many studies suggest that exposure to natural environments ('greenspace') enhances human health and wellbeing. Benefits potentially arise via several mechanisms including stress reduction, opportunity and motivation for physical activity, and reduced air pollution exposure. However, the evidence is mixed and sometimes inconclusive. One explanation may be that "greenspace" is typically treated as a homogenous environment type. However, recent research has revealed that different types and qualities of natural environments may influence health and wellbeing to different extents. METHODS: This ecological study explores this issue further using data on land cover type, bird species richness, water quality and protected or designated status to create small-area environmental indicators across Great Britain. Associations between these indicators and age/sex standardised prevalence of both good and bad health from the 2011 Census were assessed using linear regression models. Models were adjusted for indicators of socio-economic deprivation and rurality, and also investigated effect modification by these contextual characteristics. RESULTS: Positive associations were observed between good health prevalence and the density of the greenspace types, "broadleaf woodland", "arable and horticulture", "improved grassland", "saltwater" and "coastal", after adjusting for potential confounders. Inverse associations with bad health prevalence were observed for the same greenspace types, with the exception of "saltwater". Land cover diversity and density of protected/designated areas were also associated with good and bad health in the predicted manner. Bird species richness (an indicator of local biodiversity) was only associated with good health prevalence. Surface water quality, an indicator of general local environmental condition, was associated with good and bad health prevalence contrary to the manner expected, with poorer water quality associated with better population health. Effect modification by income deprivation and urban/rural status was observed for several of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the type, quality and context of 'greenspace' should be considered in the assessment of relationships between greenspace and human health and wellbeing. Opportunities exist to further integrate approaches from ecosystem services and public health perspectives to maximise opportunities to inform policies for health and environmental improvement and protection.Economic and Social Research CouncilEuropean Regional Development Fund Programme 2007 to 2013 and European Social Fund Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the Isles of Scill

Landscape Connectivity bottlenecks in the Moravian-Slovak Borderlands - Transport Infrastructure and Other Anthropogenic Threats

Based on the findings of the TransGREEN and SaveGREEN projects, changes in land use in selected critical locations were analysed for the period after 1990, when new socio-economic conditions emerged. Aerial images and 1:10,000 topographic maps were used for the detailed analysis. Also changes in traffic intensities according to the National Traffic Census were explored. The next step was field visits to evaluate the permeability of existing transport infrastructure and other barriers in the landscape based on the principles and recommendations from the Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians handbook and new national Methodology of environmental audit. Estimation of future development was investigated by evaluating existing spatial-planning documentation. A selection of examples of good and bad practice will accompany the paper

ANALISIS PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL, MOTIVASI KERJA, KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT. MEGA BINTANG MAS INDONESIA MEDAN

This study aims to describe the effect of transformational leadership, work motivation, and job satisfaction on employee performance at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan. The population in this study is 72 (seventy two) and the sample is 72 using census technique. Research respondents are employees at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan, which are 72 (seventy two) employees. The data research instruments used are questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used is validity test, reliability test, descriptive analysis, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, Park Gleyser test, normality test, multiple linear analysis, multiple linear reliability coefficient test, partial hypothesis test or t test, simultaneous hypothesis test or test. F, and the coefficient of determination. The results of descriptive analysis at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan for transformasional leadership style variable is in good category, work motivation variable is in bad category, job satisfaction variable is in very bad category and employee performance variable at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan is in quite good category. Based on a partial analysis, transformational leadership, work motivation, job satisfaction have a positive and significant influence on employee performance at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan. Simultaneously, transformational leadership, work motivation, job satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at PT. Mega Bintang Mas Indonesia Medan. The contribution of transformational leadership variables, work motivation, job satisfaction to improve employee performance variables amounted to 0.566 or 56.6%, while the remaining 0.434 or 43.4% is influenced by other variables that are not examined by writer in this research, such as work environment, compensation, culture, and so on

Prevalence of mental health conditions and relationship with general health in a whole-country population of people with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population

Background: There are no previous whole-country studies on mental health and relationships with general health in intellectual disability populations; study results vary. Aims: To determine the prevalence of mental health conditions and relationships with general health in a total population with and without intellectual disabilities. Method: Ninety-four per cent completed Scotland’s Census 2011. Data on intellectual disabilities, mental health and general health were extracted, and the association between them was investigated. Results: A total of 26 349/5 295 403 (0.5%) had intellectual disabilities. In total, 12.8% children, 23.4% adults and 27.2% older adults had mental health conditions compared with 0.3, 5.3 and 4.5% of the general population. Intellectual disabilities predicted mental health conditions; odds ratio (OR)=7.1 (95% CI 6.8–7.3). General health was substantially poorer and associated with mental health conditions; fair health OR=1.8 (95% CI 1.7–1.9), bad/very bad health OR=4.2 (95% CI 3.9–4.6). Conclusions: These large-scale, whole-country study findings are important, given the previously stated lack of confidence in comparative prevalence results, and the need to plan services accordingly

Intermarrriage in the U.S. 50 Years After Loving v. Virginia

In 2015, 17% of all U.S. newlyweds had a spouse of a different race or ethnicity, marking more than a fivefold increase since 1967, when 3% of newlyweds were intermarried, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data. In that year, the U.S. Supreme Court in the Loving v. Virginia case ruled that marriage across racial lines was legal throughout the country. Until this ruling, interracial marriages were forbidden in many states