72,221 research outputs found
Mr. Try-It Goes to Washington: Law and Policy at the Agricultural Adjustment Administration
In December 1933, Jerome Frank, the general counsel of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration but better for writing Law and the Modern Mind (1930), a sensational attack on legal formalism, told an audience at the Association of American Law Schools a parable about two lawyers in the New Deal, each forced to interpret same, ambiguous statutory language. The first lawyer, “Mr. Absolute,” reasoned from the text and canons of statutory interpretation without regard for the desirability of the outcome. “Mr. Try-It,” in contrast, began with the outcome he thought desirable. He then said to himself, “The administration is for it, and justifiably so. It is obviously in line with the general intention of Congress as shown by legislative history. The statute is ambiguous. Let us work out an argument, if possible, so to construe the statute as to validate this important program.” Although the memoranda the two produced were interchangeable, Mr. Try-It wrote his in a fifth the time.
Although the professors in attendance might have nodded approvingly, Frank’s speech, later printed in the Congressional Record, was startlingly impolitic in its muddying of a distinction between law and policy that he insisted upon when battling administrators over the terms of marketing agreements for agricultural commodities. How Frank actually drew the line owed less to his legal realist jurisprudence that the persuasiveness of his two associate general counsels, the radicals Lee Pressman and Alger Hiss
A distributed file service based on optimistic concurrency control
The design of a layered file service for the Amoeba Distributed System is discussed, on top of which various applications can easily be intplemented. The bottom layer is formed by the Amoeba Block Services, responsible for implementing stable storage and repficated, highly available disk blocks. The next layer is formed by the Amoeba File Service which provides version management and concurrency control for tree-structured files. On top of this layer, the appficafions, ranging from databases to source code control systems, determine the structure of the file trees and provide an interface to the users
FEL-Oscillator Simulations with Genesis 1.3
Modeling free-electron laser (FEL) oscillators requires calculation of both the light-beam interaction within the undulator and the propagation of the light outside the undulator. We present a paraxial Optical Propagation Code (OPC) based on the Spectral Method and Fresnel Diffraction Integral, which in combination with Genesis 1.3 can be used to perform either steady-state or time-dependent FEL oscillator simulations. A flexible scripting interface is used both to describe the optical resonator and to control the codes for propagation and amplification. OPC enables modeling of complex resonator designs that may include hard-edge elements (apertures) or hole-coupled mirrors with arbitrary\ud
shapes. Some capabilities of OPC are illustrated using the FELIX system as an example
Dynamic Virtualized Deployment of Particle Physics Environments on a High Performance Computing Cluster
The NEMO High Performance Computing Cluster at the University of Freiburg has
been made available to researchers of the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Users
access the cluster from external machines connected to the World-wide LHC
Computing Grid (WLCG). This paper describes how the full software environment
of the WLCG is provided in a virtual machine image. The interplay between the
schedulers for NEMO and for the external clusters is coordinated through the
ROCED service. A cloud computing infrastructure is deployed at NEMO to
orchestrate the simultaneous usage by bare metal and virtualized jobs. Through
the setup, resources are provided to users in a transparent, automatized, and
on-demand way. The performance of the virtualized environment has been
evaluated for particle physics applications
General purpose readout board {\pi} LUP: overview and results
This work gives an overview of the PCI-Express board LUP, focusing on
the motivation that led to its development, the technological choices adopted
and its performance. The LUP card was designed by INFN and University of
Bologna as a readout interface candidate to be used after the Phase-II upgrade
of the Pixel Detector of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at LHC. The same team in
Bologna is also responsible for the design and commissioning of the ReadOut
Driver (ROD) board - currently implemented in all the four layers of the ATLAS
Pixel Detector (Insertable B-Layer, B-Layer, Layer-1 and Layer-2) - and
acquired in the past years expertise on the ATLAS readout chain and the
problematics arising in such experiments. Although the LUP was designed to
fulfill a specific task, it is highly versatile and might fit a wide variety of
applications, some of which will be discussed in this work. Two
7-generation Xilinx FPGAs are mounted on the board: a Zynq-7 with an
embedded dual core ARM Processor and a Kintex-7. The latter features sixteen
12.5Gbps transceivers, allowing the board to interface easily to any other
electronic board, either electrically and/or optically, at the current
bandwidth of the experiments for LHC. Many data-transmission protocols have
been tested at different speeds, results will be discussed later in this work.
Two batches of LUP boards have been fabricated and tested, two boards in
the first batch (version 1.0) and four boards in the second batch (version
1.1), encapsulating all the patches and improvements required by the first
version.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures, 21th Real Time Conference, winner of "2018 NPSS
Student Paper Award Second Prize
Do Android Taint Analysis Tools Keep Their Promises?
In recent years, researchers have developed a number of tools to conduct
taint analysis of Android applications. While all the respective papers aim at
providing a thorough empirical evaluation, comparability is hindered by varying
or unclear evaluation targets. Sometimes, the apps used for evaluation are not
precisely described. In other cases, authors use an established benchmark but
cover it only partially. In yet other cases, the evaluations differ in terms of
the data leaks searched for, or lack a ground truth to compare against. All
those limitations make it impossible to truly compare the tools based on those
published evaluations.
We thus present ReproDroid, a framework allowing the accurate comparison of
Android taint analysis tools. ReproDroid supports researchers in inferring the
ground truth for data leaks in apps, in automatically applying tools to
benchmarks, and in evaluating the obtained results. We use ReproDroid to
comparatively evaluate on equal grounds the six prominent taint analysis tools
Amandroid, DIALDroid, DidFail, DroidSafe, FlowDroid and IccTA. The results are
largely positive although four tools violate some promises concerning features
and accuracy. Finally, we contribute to the area of unbiased benchmarking with
a new and improved version of the open test suite DroidBench
The Shallow State: The Federal Communications Commission and the New Deal
American lawyers and law professors commonly turn to the New Deal for insights into the law and politics of today’s administrative state. Usually, they have looked to agencies created in the 1930s that became the foundation of the postwar political order. Some have celebrated these agencies; others have deplored them as the core of an elitist, antidemocratic Deep State. This article takes a different tack by studying the Federal Communications Commission, an agency created before the New Deal. For most of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s first two presidential terms, the FCC languished within the “Shallow State,” bossed about by patronage-seeking politicians, network lobbyists, and the radio bar. When Roosevelt finally let a network of lawyers in his administration try to clean up the agency, their success or failure turned on whether it could hire the kind of young, smart, hard-working lawyers who had at other agencies proven themselves to be the “shock troops of the New Deal.” Only after James Lawrence Fly, formerly general counsel of the Tennessee Valley Authority, became chairman and hired lawyers like himself did the FCC set sail. It cleaned up its licensing of radio stations and addressed monopoly power in the industry without becoming the tool of an authoritarian president or exceeding its legislative and political mandates
Understanding Android Obfuscation Techniques: A Large-Scale Investigation in the Wild
In this paper, we seek to better understand Android obfuscation and depict a
holistic view of the usage of obfuscation through a large-scale investigation
in the wild. In particular, we focus on four popular obfuscation approaches:
identifier renaming, string encryption, Java reflection, and packing. To obtain
the meaningful statistical results, we designed efficient and lightweight
detection models for each obfuscation technique and applied them to our massive
APK datasets (collected from Google Play, multiple third-party markets, and
malware databases). We have learned several interesting facts from the result.
For example, malware authors use string encryption more frequently, and more
apps on third-party markets than Google Play are packed. We are also interested
in the explanation of each finding. Therefore we carry out in-depth code
analysis on some Android apps after sampling. We believe our study will help
developers select the most suitable obfuscation approach, and in the meantime
help researchers improve code analysis systems in the right direction
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