165 research outputs found
Global Satellite Observations for Smart Cities
The smart city approach requires collection of interdisciplinary data and information from multiple sources and integration with modern technologies to provide a new and cost-effective way for researchers and decision makers to study and manage cities. In this book chapter, we introduce NASA satellite-based global and regional observations with emphasis on the hydrologic cycle (e.g., precipitation, wind, temperature, soil moisture) for smart cities. These products, consisting of both near-real-time and historical datasets, are publicly available free of charge and can be used for global and regional research and applications. Examples of using these datasets in smart cities are included. The chapter is organized as follows, first, a brief overview of NASA global satellite-based data products, followed by data services and tools, two examples of using satellite-based datasets in megacities, and finally summary and future plans
Earth resources, a continuing bibliography with indexes
This bibliography lists 541 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
Advanced Geoscience Remote Sensing
Nowadays, advanced remote sensing technology plays tremendous roles to build a quantitative and comprehensive understanding of how the Earth system operates. The advanced remote sensing technology is also used widely to monitor and survey the natural disasters and man-made pollution. Besides, telecommunication is considered as precise advanced remote sensing technology tool. Indeed precise usages of remote sensing and telecommunication without a comprehensive understanding of mathematics and physics. This book has three parts (i) microwave remote sensing applications, (ii) nuclear, geophysics and telecommunication; and (iii) environment remote sensing investigations
Earth resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes
This bibliography lists 579 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economical analysis
Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, Issue 35
This bibliography list 587 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System between July 1, and September 30, 1982. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
Study on Energy Accumulation and Dissipation Associated with Coal Burst
Coal burst, which refers to the brittle failure of coal, has been a serious hazard for underground coal mining, particularly at greater depth. Massive energy accumulated in coal could be dissipated almost instantaneously in the form of kinetic energy when the loading stress exceeding the ultimate strength of coal. This thesis qualitatively and quantitatively examines the energy accumulation and dissipation process associated with coal burst through a comprehensive research program of literature review, theoretical analysis and experimental studies.
The energy accumulation sources, dissipation forms and its influencing factors of coal burst are reviewed based on the energy conservation law and the static-dynamic loads superposition theory. The burst energy is provided by static loads including gravitational and abutment stress, and dynamic loads including fault slipping and roof weighting. Studies indicated that the main driving energy source of coal burst occurred in Australian coal mines resulted from elastic energy storage that has been accumulated during the loading process of coal
Development and evaluation of methodologies for monitoring droughts and their impacts on agriculture in data-scarce áreas
Tesis por compendio de publicación[Abstract] Drought is one of the natural phenomena that causes the greatest socio-economic and environmental damage. Its impacts are of particular importance in agriculture, as this activity is closely linked to food security and quality of life in many territories. Droughts can occur in any climatic regime in the world, with arid and semi-arid areas being the most affected and prone to drought events. In regions particularly exposed and vulnerable to drought, specific drought studies are needed to help manage and mitigate its impacts. This thesis is a contribution to the management of drought and its impacts, specifically on agriculture.
Several novel and bespoke methodologies were developed with the aim of increasing knowledge of drought phenomena and providing solutions for water resources and drought management. Freely available global scale hydrometeorological data sources were used, so that the methodologies can be applied to any country or region of the world. The case studies were Mozambique and Argentina, both are developing countries with significant agricultural activity (in terms of cropland extension) and prone to drought events. Methodologies focused on defining and understanding the spatio-temporal characteristics of droughts; defining and relating drought events to their triggers; validating tools for monitoring droughts and their impacts on agricultural activity; and knowledge transfer to all beneficiaries and stakeholders involved in drought management in data-scarce regions. The methodologies are of general applicability and can be replicated worldwide, providing meaningful information to the scientific, technical and management community to develop, calibrate or validate existing and new formulations. In addition, they could contribute to the creation of drought mitigation and adaptation plans aimed at reducing impacts, especially in agriculture.[Resumen] La sequía es uno de los fenómenos naturales que mayores daños socioeconómicos y medioambientales causa. Sus impactos son de especial importancia en la agricultura, ya que esta actividad está ligada a la seguridad alimentaria y calidad de vida de muchos territorios. Las sequías pueden ocurrir en cualquier régimen climático del mundo, siendo las zonas áridas y semiáridas las más afectadas y propensas a eventos de sequía en el futuro. En las regiones particularmente expuestas y vulnerables a la sequía, se necesitan estudios específicos sobre la sequía para ayudar a controlar y mitigar sus impactos. Esta tesis es una contribución a la gestión de las sequías y sus impactos, específicamente en la agricultura.
Se desarrollaron varias metodologías específicas y novedosas con el objetivo de aumentar el conocimiento de los fenómenos de la sequía y aportar soluciones para la gestión de los recursos hídricos y de la sequía. Se hizo uso de fuentes de datos hidrometeorológicos alternativos de libre acceso, de manera que las metodologías pueden aplicarse a cualquier país o región del mundo y a cualquier escala espacial. Los casos de estudio fueron países en vías de desarrollo con una importante actividad agrícola (extensión de cultivos) y propensos a eventos de sequía. Se uso Mozambique y Argentina debido a su situación económica y compleja disponibilidad de datos. Las metodologías se centraron en definir y comprender las características espaciotemporales de las sequías; en definir y relacionar los eventos de sequía con sus desencadenantes; en la validación de herramientas para el seguimiento de las sequías y sus impactos en la actividad agrícola; y, en la transferencia de conocimientos a todos los beneficiarios e implicados en la gestión de la sequía en regiones con escases de datos. Las metodologías y los resultados obtenidos pueden ser replicados en cualquier parte del mundo, proporcionando información significativa a la comunidad científica, técnica y de gestión para desarrollar, calibrar o validar formulaciones existentes y nuevas. Además, son herramientas que podrían contribuir a la creación de planes de mitigación y adaptación a la sequía destinados a reducir los impactos, especialmente en la agricultura.[Resumo] A seca é un dos fenómenos naturais que provocan maiores danos socioeconómicos e ambientais. Os seus impactos son de especial importancia no agro, xa que esta actividade está moi ligada á seguridade alimentaria e á calidade de vida en moitos territorios. As secas poden ocorrer en calquera réxime climático do mundo, sendo as zonas áridas e semiáridas as máis afectadas e propensas a sufrir eventos de seca. Nas rexións especialmente expostas e vulnerables á seca, son necesarios estudos específicos sobre a seca para axudar a xestionar e mitigar os seus impactos. Esta tese é unha contribución á xestión da seca e os seus impactos, concretamente na agricultura.
Desenvolvéronse varias metodoloxías novedosas e a medida co obxectivo de aumentar o coñecemento dos fenómenos da seca e proporcionar solucións para os recursos hídricos e a xestión da seca. Utilizáronse fontes de datos hidrometeorolóxicos a escala global de libre dispoñibilidade, de xeito que as metodoloxías poden aplicarse a calquera país ou rexión do mundo. Os estudos de caso foron países en desenvolvemento con actividade agrícola importante (extensión de terras de cultivo) e propensos a eventos de seca. Utilizáronse Mozambique e Arxentina debido á súa situación económica e á complexa dispoñibilidade de datos. Metodoloxías enfocadas a definir e comprender as características espazo-temporais das secas; definir e relacionar os eventos de seca cos seus desencadenantes; validación de ferramentas para o seguimento das secas e os seus impactos na actividade agraria; e, transferencia de coñecemento a todos os beneficiarios e partes interesadas implicadas na xestión da seca en rexións con escaseza de datos. As metodoloxías son de aplicabilidade xeral e pódense replicar en todo o mundo, proporcionando información significativa á comunidade científica, técnica e de xestión para desenvolver, calibrar ou validar formulacións existentes e novas. Ademais, poderían contribuír á creación de plans de mitigación e adaptación á seca destinados a reducir os impactos, especialmente no agro.Xunta de Galicia; ED481A- 2018/16
Linkages between Atmospheric Circulation, Weather, Climate, Land Cover and Social Dynamics of the Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important landmass that plays a significant role in both regional and global climates. In recent decades, the TP has undergone significant changes due to climate and human activities. Since the 1980s anthropogenic activities, such as the stocking of livestock, land cover change, permafrost degradation, urbanization, highway construction, deforestation and desertification, and unsustainable land management practices, have greatly increased over the TP. As a result, grasslands have undergone rapid degradation and have altered the land surface which in turn has altered the exchange of heat and moisture properties between land and the atmosphere. But gaps still exist in our knowledge of land-atmosphere interactions in the TP and their impacts on weather and climate around the TP, making it difficult to understand the complete energy and water cycles over the region. Moreover, human, and ecological systems are interlinked, and the drivers of change include biophysical, economic, political, social, and cultural elements that operate at different temporal and spatial scales. Current studies do not holistically reflect the complex social-ecological dynamics of the Tibetan Plateau. To increase our understanding of this coupled human-natural system, there is a need for an integrated approach to rendering visible the deep interconnections between the biophysical and social systems of the TP. There is a need for an integrative framework to study the impacts of sedentary and individualized production systems on the health and livelihoods of local communities in the context of land degradation and climate change. To do so, there is a need to understand better the spatial variability and landscape patterns in grassland degradation across the TP. Therefore, the main goal of this dissertation is to contribute to our understanding of the changes over the land surface and how these changes impact the plateau\u27s weather, climate, and social dynamics. This dissertation is structured as three interrelated manuscripts, which each explore specific research questions relating to this larger goal. These manuscripts constitute the three primary papers of this dissertation. The first paper documents the significant association of surface energy flux with vegetation cover, as measured by satellite based AVHRR GIMMS3g normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, during the early growing season of May in the western region of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, a 1°K increase in the temperature at the 500 hPa level was observed. Based on the identified positive effects of vegetation on the temperature associated with decreased NDVI in the western region of the Tibetan Plateau, I propose a positive energy process for land-atmosphere associations. In the second paper, an increase in Landsat-derived NDVI, i.e., a greening, is identified within the TP, especially during 1990 to 2018 and 2000 to 2018 time periods. Larger median growing season NDVI change values were observed for the Southeast Tibet shrublands and meadows and Tibetan Plateau Alpine Shrublands and Meadows grassland regions, in comparison to the other three regions studied. Land degradation is prominent in the lower and intermediate hillslope positions in comparison to the higher relative topographic positions, and change is more pronounced in the eastern Southeast Tibet shrublands and meadows and Tibetan Plateau Alpine Shrublands and Meadows grasslands. Geomorphons were found to be an effective spatial unit for analysis of hillslope change patterns. Through the extensive literature review presented in third paper, this dissertation recommends using critical physical geography (CPG) to study environmental and social issues in the TP. The conceptual model proposed provides a framework for analysis of the dominant controls, feedback, and interactions between natural, human, socioeconomic, and governance activities, allowing researchers to untangle climate change, land degradation, and vulnerability in the Tibetan Plateau. CPG will further help improve our understanding of the exposure of local people to climate and socio-economic and political change and help policy makers devise appropriate strategies to combat future grassland degradation and to improve the lives and strengthen livelihoods of the inhabitants of the TP
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