230,115 research outputs found
Social media intelligence: The national security–privacy nexus
Globally, changes in technology have always shaped the intelligence collection environment. South Africa is no exception. The emergence of satellite imagery had a significant influence on geographic intelligence (GEOINT) capabilities and, similarly, the emergence of the telegram and later the telephone had an equally significant effect on the signals intelligence (SIGINT) environment. With communications being revolutionised by mobile technology, such as recording, geo-positioning and photography, collection and distribution are ubiquitous. Smart mobile communication technology is also the driver of social media everywhere – at all ages, for state and non-state purposes, non-stop. More recently, social media intelligence (SOCMINT) became a key content domain for exploitation by the intelligence community. Examples of the successful exploitation of SOCMINT can be found internationally. It would be surprising if South Africa is not yet a statistic in terms of this phenomenon. Initially, many organisations viewed (and some still do) SOCMINT as an open-source intelligence (OSINT) tool. However, when considering the South African (SA) intelligence landscape, the concepts ‘democracy’, ‘transparency’ and ‘intelligence oversight’ are calibrating factors to bear in mind. It is also important to consider the influence of the national legislative framework governing the use of SOCMINT in South Africa. It then becomes clear that issues – such as the right to privacy – mean that SOCMINT is probably no longer covered by the scope of the OSINT definition and that intelligence organisations collecting social media content and producing SOCMINT should adhere to the legislative framework governing the collection and use of social media content and the production of SOCMINT. This article argues that SOCMINT and OSINT should be separate collection domains to protect the imperative of the right to privacy and national security requirements in a balanced manner by means of unambiguous national regulation in the interest of all citizens
Trolls Identification within an Uncertain Framework
The web plays an important role in people's social lives since the emergence
of Web 2.0. It facilitates the interaction between users, gives them the
possibility to freely interact, share and collaborate through social networks,
online communities forums, blogs, wikis and other online collaborative media.
However, an other side of the web is negatively taken such as posting
inflammatory messages. Thus, when dealing with the online communities forums,
the managers seek to always enhance the performance of such platforms. In fact,
to keep the serenity and prohibit the disturbance of the normal atmosphere,
managers always try to novice users against these malicious persons by posting
such message (DO NOT FEED TROLLS). But, this kind of warning is not enough to
reduce this phenomenon. In this context we propose a new approach for detecting
malicious people also called 'Trolls' in order to allow community managers to
take their ability to post online. To be more realistic, our proposal is
defined within an uncertain framework. Based on the assumption consisting on
the trolls' integration in the successful discussion threads, we try to detect
the presence of such malicious users. Indeed, this method is based on a
conflict measure of the belief function theory applied between the different
messages of the thread. In order to show the feasibility and the result of our
approach, we test it in different simulated data.Comment: International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence -
ICTAI , Nov 2014, Limassol, Cypru
Building resilience : the role of EU intelligence community
Resilience is an increasingly relevant feature of contemporary security policy. It is no longer
a buzzword, it has turned in recent two decades to an analytical term useful in the study of
continuity and adaptive change in objects and systems, including social and political systems.
States and organizations have become increasingly aware of benefits drawn from the
‘resilience dividend’ for the sake of internal security, public order and systemic stability.
This paper is dedicated to resilience as an objective and a feature of the European Union as a
security community. In this respect, resilience is conceived as the capacity of the EU as an
international organization to prepare for disruptions and to build and reinforce capacity to
achieve revitalization from past crises and failures. Since resilience is predetermined by
situational awareness, preparedness, risk assessment and anticipation, intelligence is meant
to become a core and indispensable form of organized activity of the state or a security
community. Therefore, the emergence of an EU intelligence community should be identified
with the growing need to enhance resilience and preparedness of the EU and its member
states in the face of threats and dangers challenging security, stability and order within the
Union. A thesis developed in this paper claims that the EU has been developing its joint
intelligence capabilities with direct reference to resilience building and crisis management
capabilities as principal mechanisms of security governance in the EU
Creating New Ventures: A review and research agenda
Creating new ventures is one of the most central topics to entrepreneurship and is a critical step from which many theories of management, organizational behavior, and strategic management build. Therefore, this review and proposed research agenda is not only relevant to entrepreneurship scholars but also other management scholars who wish to challenge some of the implicit assumptions of their current streams of research and extend the boundaries of their current theories to earlier in the organization’s life. Given that the last systematic review of the topic was published 16 years ago, and that the topic has evolved rapidly over this time, an overview and research outlook are long overdue. From our review, we inductively generated ten sub-topics: (1) Lead founder, (2) Founding team, (3) Social relationships, (4) Cognitions, (5) Emergent organizing, (6) New venture strategy, (7) Organizational emergence, (8) New venture legitimacy, (9) Founder exit, and (10) Entrepreneurial environment. These sub-topics are then organized into three major stages of the entrepreneurial process—co-creating, organizing, and performing. Together, the framework provides a cohesive story of the past and a road map for future research on creating new ventures, focusing on the links connecting these sub-topics
Arena: A General Evaluation Platform and Building Toolkit for Multi-Agent Intelligence
Learning agents that are not only capable of taking tests, but also
innovating is becoming a hot topic in AI. One of the most promising paths
towards this vision is multi-agent learning, where agents act as the
environment for each other, and improving each agent means proposing new
problems for others. However, existing evaluation platforms are either not
compatible with multi-agent settings, or limited to a specific game. That is,
there is not yet a general evaluation platform for research on multi-agent
intelligence. To this end, we introduce Arena, a general evaluation platform
for multi-agent intelligence with 35 games of diverse logics and
representations. Furthermore, multi-agent intelligence is still at the stage
where many problems remain unexplored. Therefore, we provide a building toolkit
for researchers to easily invent and build novel multi-agent problems from the
provided game set based on a GUI-configurable social tree and five basic
multi-agent reward schemes. Finally, we provide Python implementations of five
state-of-the-art deep multi-agent reinforcement learning baselines. Along with
the baseline implementations, we release a set of 100 best agents/teams that we
can train with different training schemes for each game, as the base for
evaluating agents with population performance. As such, the research community
can perform comparisons under a stable and uniform standard. All the
implementations and accompanied tutorials have been open-sourced for the
community at https://sites.google.com/view/arena-unity/
Conduct disorder : the achievement of a diagnosis'
This paper explores the historical shapings behind the diagnosis of conduct disorders. We take as our point of purchase oppositional ways of knowing the subject of conduct disorder—as either pathologically motivated or as the victim of a repressive mandate to control disorderly conduct. We take our cue from Foucault's suggestion that the pursuit of singular motivations behind a phenomenon is not the most fruitful means of understanding its historical appearance. We explore the emergence of the individual with conduct disorder as an appearance contingent upon dispersed agencies of government—an artefact of dispersed technologies for channelling and directing a population
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