Nonstationarity in the Specification of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

Numerous studies have addressed the question of the econometric specification of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This paper adds preliminary results on nonstationarity and its effect on functional form using a panel data set for the U.S. by state from 1929 to 1994. It is found that unit-root tests strongly support a unit root in pollutants (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide) and income when testing individual states. The results from panel data unit root tests provide mixed evidence about nonstationarity in EKC data.Environmental Kuznets curve, fixed and random effects, parametric models, water pollution, watershed, nonstationarity, unit-roots, Environmental Economics and Policy,

When Should Uncertain Nonpoint Emissions be Penalized in a Trading Program?

When nonpoint source pollution is stochastic and the damage function is convex, intuition might suggest it is more important to control a nonpoint pollution source than a point source. Earlier research has provided sufficient conditions such that the permit price for a unit of ex-ante expected emissions should be higher than the permit price for a unit of certain emissions. Herein we provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions such that this is the case. An approach to testing for the validity of the condition set is available, and has been applied to a related problem.agricultural pollution, multiple inputs, permit trading, social optimality, trading ratio, water quality, Environmental Economics and Policy, Q1, Q2, D2, D8,

Feminist Understanding of Productivity

The concept of productivity, meaning output per unit of input, is at once general and specific. Economists have used productivity as a very specific measure, denominated in dollars, which shows the output of a produced or consumed good per unit of labour or capital used in the production process. However, productivity can also be understood more broadly as a fundamental human value which denotes optimal use of the natural environment for individual, social and cultural benefit. This involves questioning, testing and replacing many of the static assumptions of the neoclassical economics paradigm: What are the significant inputs and outputs? Can their cost or value be measured in dollars? What additional, related outputs and inputs are silent, "external", or ignored in the production and consumption process? How do improvements in productivity take place, and how can they be measured and fostered? Feminist economists critique the exclusion of many important aspects of production and reproduction from most economic equations; the discussion on alternative ways of valuing inputs and inclusionary approaches to the question of productivity is well advanced in feminist debates. Building on recent research in ecological economics, feminist economics, community economic development, political ecology, and social/cultural studies, this paper explores and articulates several alternative conceptualizations of productivity. The paper's intent is to re-examine the capitalist concept of "productivity" which Maria Mies calls "the most formidable hurdle in our struggle to come to an understanding of women's labour" (Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale, p. 48).This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canad

Experimental test of the effect of imposing a penalty on buyers in a specific market structure

Using experimental economics tools this paper is testing one of the potential pitfalls in the renewable energy certificates (RECs) market in Australia. Stylised experiment highlighted that sellers' knowledge of the existence of the penalty to buyers for non compliance with mandatory requirements to have a certain number of RECs and the level of penalty in the duopoly market on supply side can push prices for unit of RECs higher than would occur in competitive market without penalty. The level of penalty was used by sellers as a "focal" point for setting the price for the unit.Marketing,

Does the interest differential explain future exchange rate return? a re-examination of the UIP hypothesis for the Turkish economy

Akyuz, Y. and Boratav, K. (2003). The making of the Turkish financial crisis, World Development, 31/9, 1549-1566. Alper, C.E. (2001). The Turkish liquidity crisis of 2000: What went wrong, Russian and East European Finance and Trade, 37/6, 51-71. Aslan, O. and Korap L. (2007). Structural VAR identification of the Turkish business cycles, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 9, 72-86. Baillie, R.T. and Bollerslev, T. (2000). The forward premium anomaly is not as bad as you think, Journal of International Money and Finance, 19, 471-488. Beyaert, A., García-Solanes, J., and Pérez-Castejón, J.J. (2007). Uncovered interest parity with switching regimes, Economic Modelling, 24, 189-202. Bhatti, R.H. and Moosa, I.A. (1995). An alternative approach to testing uncovered interest parity, Applied Economics Letters, 2, 478-481. Chinn, M.D. and Meredith, G. (2004). Monetary policy and long-horizon uncovered interest parity, IMF Staff Papers, 51/3, 409-430. DeJong, D. N., Nankervis, J. C., Savin, N. E. and Whiteman, C. H. (1989). Integration versus trend-stationarity in macroeconomic time-series, University of Iowa Working Paper Series, No. 89/31, December. Dickey, D. A., Jansen, D. W. and Thornton, D. L. (1991). A primer on cointegration with an application to money and income, The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, March/April, 58-78. Dornbusch, R. (2001). A primer on emerging market crises, NBER Working Paper, 8326, June. Dulger, F. and Cin, M.F. (2002). Monetary approach to determining exchange rate dynamics in Turkey and a test for co-integration (in Turkish), METU Studies in Development, 29/1-2, 47-68. Eichengreen, B. (2001). Crisis preventation and management: Any new lessons from Argentina and Turkey?, Background Paper Written for the World Bank’s Global Development Finance 2002, University of California, Berkeley. Ekinci, N.K. and Erturk, K.A. (2007). Turkish currency crisis of 2000-2001, revisited, International Review of Applied Economics, 21/1, January, 29-41. Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing, Econometrica, 55, 251-276. Ertugrul, A. and Yeldan, E. (2002). On the structural weakness of the post-1999 Turkish disinflation program, Turkish Studies Quarterly, 4/2, 53-67. Flood, R.P. and Rose, A.K. (2002). Uncovered interest parity in crisis, IMF Staff Papers, 49/2, 252-266. Granger, C. W. J. (1986). Developments in the study of cointegrated economic variables, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 48/3, 213-228. Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in economics, Journal of Econometrics, 2/2, 111-120. Huisman, R., Koedijk, K., Kool, C., and Nissen, F. (1998). Extreme support for uncovered interest parity, Journal of International Money and Finance, 17, 211-228. Isard, P. (2006). Uncovered interest parity, IMF Working Paper, WP/06/96. Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254. Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration-with applications to the demand for money, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. Kesriyeli, M. (1994). Policy regime changes and testing for the Fisher and UIP hypothesis: The Turkish experience, CBRT Research Department Discussion Paper, No. 9411, December. Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. and Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationary against the alternative of a unit root, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178. Leigh, D. and Rossi, M. (2002). Exchange rate pass-through in Turkey, IMF Working Paper, WP/02/2004. MacKinnon, J.G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11, 601-618. McCallum, B. T. (1994). A reconsideration of the uncovered interest parity relationship, Journal of Monetary Economics, 33, 105-132. Phillips, P. (1986). Understanding spurious regressions in econometrics, Journal of Econometrics, 33, 311-40. Sachsida, A., Ellery Jr., R. and Teixeira, J.R. (2001). Uncovered interest parity and the peso problem: The Brazilian case, Applied Economics Letters, 8, 179-181. Sul, D. (1999). Does ex-post uncovered interest differential reflect the degrees of capital mobility?, Applied Economics Letters, 6, 97-102. Uygur, E. (2001). From crisis to crisis in Turkey: 2000 November and 2001 February crises (in Turkish), Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, 2001/1.Exchange rates ; Interest differentials ; Uncovered interest parity ; Turkish economy ;

HUBUNGAN ANTARA LOKUS KONTROL DENGAN HARGA DIRI PADA KARYAWAN PT ANTAM TBK UNIT GEOMIN DI JAKARTA

ABSTRACT EKA ASPRIANTY. Correlation Between Locus of Control with Self-Esteem of Employees at PT Antam Tbk Geomin Unit, Jakarta. Skripsi, Jakarta: Concentration of Education Administrative Offices, Education Economic Studies Program, Department of Economics and Administration, Faculty of Economics, State University of Jakarta. 2012. This study aims to determine the closeness of the correlation between locus of control with self-esteem in employees of PT Antam Tbk Geomin Unit, Jakarta. The experiment was conducted at PT Antam Tbk Geomin Unit, Jakarta for two months from September to October 2011. The research method used is survey method with the correlational approach. This study population is an employee of PT Antam Tbk Geomin Unit, Jakarta were 112 employees with affordable population taken from the office staff totaling 69 employees so that samples are used as much as 58 employees by using the random proportional (proportional random sampling). Instruments to measure the variable X (Locus of Control) uses an instrument that was developed by Rotter IE Scale and for the variable Y (self esteem) using the instrument developed by Tafarodi and Swann, the SLCS-R items. Test requirements analysis is used to find the regression equation obtained is Y = 68.66-0.533 X. The results of normality test Liliefors produce L = 0.105 whereas for n = 58 at the 0.05 level is 0.116 for L hitung F (4.02) which means the regression equation is significant. Testing linearity of regression produces F tabel (0.41) <F (1.98) thus concluded that the linear regression equation. Test result product moment correlation coefficient rxy = -0.271<0 and there is a negative relationship between variables X and Y. Keberartian test is then performed by using a correlation coefficient of the t-test, produce t tabel hitung (-2.11) <t (-1.67), then there are signifikan relationship between locus of control with self-esteem. Testing or determinant of the coefficient of determination obtained results of 7.36%. The conclusion of this study is that there is a negative correlation between Locus of Control with self-esteem in employees of PT Antam Tbk Geomin Unit, Jakarta

Generalized single-index models: The EFM approach

Generalized single-index models are natural extensions of linear models and circumvent the so-called curse of dimensionality. They are becoming increasingly popular in many scientific fields including biostatistics, medicine, economics and finan- cial econometrics. Estimating and testing the model index coefficients beta is one of the most important objectives in the statistical analysis. However, the commonly used assumption on the index coefficients, beta = 1, represents a non-regular problem: the true index is on the boundary of the unit ball. In this paper we introduce the EFM ap- proach, a method of estimating functions, to study the generalized single-index model. The procedure is to first relax the equality constraint to one with (d - 1) components of beta lying in an open unit ball, and then to construct the associated (d - 1) estimating functions by projecting the score function to the linear space spanned by the residuals with the unknown link being estimated by kernel estimating functions. The root-n consistency and asymptotic normality for the estimator obtained from solving the re- sulting estimating equations is achieved, and a Wilk's type theorem for testing the index is demonstrated. A noticeable result we obtain is that our estimator for beta has smaller or equal limiting variance than the estimator of Carroll et al. (1997). A fixed point iterative scheme for computing this estimator is proposed. This algorithm only involves one-dimensional nonparametric smoothers, thereby avoiding the data sparsity problem caused by high model dimensionality. Numerical studies based on simulation and on applications suggest that this new estimating system is quite powerful and easy to implement.Generalized single-index model, index coefficients, estimating equations, asymptotic properties, iteration