Intergovernmental grants and financial autonomy under asymmetric information

This paper analyses and compares the efficiency of alternative incentive compatible grant schemes under asymmetric information relieving subnational governments of excessive debt burden. They allow intervention into local debt, local tax or complete local fiscal policy. In the first case, separation of types can be induced by forcing recipients to inefficient high borrowing and in the second case by imposing inefficient high tax rates. In the last case, fiscal policy of the recipient region is distorted in the period of the exogenous shock. We show that constraining complete financial autonomy leads to the lowest welfare losses. This is due to the fact that complete regulation of local fiscal policy reduces the incentive of contributing local governments to defect from truthful relevation. --vertical transfers,subnational debt,asymmetric information adverse selection,financial autonomy

Federalism and optimal allocation across levels of governance

Countries differ in their governmental architectures and in the rules that describe the allocation of tasks, rights and duties across the various levels of government. In this paper, we present a short and selective survey of the development of the theory of optimal allocation of rights and duties along the vertical dimension in federations. We thereby first discuss the multiple trade-offs brought forward in the literature; these make that an ideal allocation of actual tasks across levels of government may be difficult, if not impossible, to attain. Then we turn to the consequences of a sub-optimal allocation of tasks and discuss spillover effects, strategic interactions between jurisdictions and intergovernmental competition. Throughout the review, we highlight paths in need of further research such that, in time, we will have a more solid ground for policy advice. -- Staaten unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres Regierungsaufbaus und ihren Verteilungsregeln von Aufgaben, Rechten und Pflichten über die verschiedenen Regierungsebenen hinweg. In diesem Artikel stellen wir eine kurze und selektive Übersicht über die Entwicklung der Theorie der optimalen Allokation von Rechten und Pflichten entlang der vertikalen Dimension in Staatenbünden vor. Wir diskutieren dabei zuerst die vielfachen, in der Literatur beschriebenen, Trade-offs. Diese führen dazu, dass eine ideale Verteilung der tatsächlichen Aufgaben schwierig, wenn nicht unmöglich zu erzielen ist. Als nächstes wenden wir uns den Konsequenzen der sub-optimalen Aufgabenverteilung zu und diskutieren externe Effekte, strategische Interaktionen zwischen den verschiedenen Gebietskörperschaften und zwischenstaatlichen Wettbewerb. Im gesamten Überblicksartikel stellen wir mögliche Pfade für notwendige weitere Forschung heraus, mit der für die Zukunft eine solide Grundlage für Politikberatung gelegt werden kann.

Fiscal policy and intranational risk-sharing

A general feature of national fiscal systems is that they provide buffers against regional fluctuations in output and employment by redistributing income between the different regions of a country. Recent literature in connection with European monetary integration has stressed the insurance aspect of this function: Through the fiscal system, regions obtain insurance against asymmetric shocks. In this paper, we review the literature on risk-sharing through fiscal mechanisms. While consumption smoothing would call for full risk-sharing among regions, moral hazard problems, political economy problems and considerations of macro economic stabilization reduce the optimal degree of risk sharing. This may explain why empirical research generally finds that intranational risk-sharing based on fiscal policy seems rather modest. --

Fiscal federalism and risk sharing in Germany: the role of size differences

We study the effect of size differences for an optimal risk sharing system of intergovernmental transfers in Germany. The German fiscal transfer system should account for the fact that an optimal insurance mechanism has the property that smaller states contribute a smaller share of their tax revenue to the redistribution mechanism. -- Wir betrachten die Rolle von Größenunterschieden von Gebietskörperschaften für einen optimalen Risikoausgleich im Rahmen eines föderalen Finanzausgleichs in Deutschland. Zunächst wird der Spielraum für einen möglichen Risikoausgleich durch interregionale Ausgleichszahlungen zwischen Gebietskörperschaften in Deutschland analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass unsystematische Risiken insbesondere aus längerfristigen Entwicklungsunterschieden bestehen. Für das optimale Transfersystem sollte angesichts möglicher Anreizwirkungen solcher Systeme gelten, dass homogene Gebietskörperschaften einen um so größeren Anteil ihres Steueraufkommens in das interregionale Transfersystem einbringen sollten, je größer sie sind.Fiscal federalism,risk sharing,size asymmetry

Tax Competition in a Fiscal Union with Decentralized Leadership

This paper examines capital tax competition in the presence of an interstate transfer policy without federal commitment. Lack of commitment implies that tax policy is chosen prior to federal transfers. The paper’s main result is that ex-post federal policy internalizes horizontal fiscal externalities, insulating tax policy from capital mobility. Federal policy, however, introduces a new source of inefficiency unrelated to tax competition. Specifically, ex-post transfer payments prove to be equivalent to an interstate revenue-sharing system which may render federal intervention in the presence of fiscal externalities welfare-deteriorating relative to tax competition.federalism, capital tax competition, commitment, soft budget constraints

Fiscal Equalisation and the Soft Budget Constraint

This paper assesses the interactions of horizontal fiscal equalisation schemes with debt policy by sovereign regional governments. Local public goods are either financed by debt or taxation. A horizontal equalisation scheme eleviates regional public revenue disparities under horizontal and vertical tax competition. We show that fiscal equalisation schemes have no impact on the optimal central government grant whereas they can either soften or harden the regional budget constraint depending on the specific formulae. Revenue equalisation softens the budget constraint whereas tax base equalisation hardens the budget constraint of poor states. --Fiscal federalism,public debt,soft budget constraint,fiscal equalisation,tax competition

A Theory of User-Fee Competition

We develop a two-region model where the decentralized provision of spillover goods can be financed by means of taxes or user fees. In order to enforce the fees regions have to invest in exclusion. We show that a decentralized solution tends to be inefficient. There will be over-investment in exclusion and an underprovision of the spillover goods compared to a centralized solution. In addition the regions have strategic incentives to set user charges. If the regional spillover goods are substitutes user fees tend to be inefficiently low, whereas they tend to be inefficiently high if the spillover goods are complements.public goods, club goods, user fees, fiscal federalism

Monetary union and fiscal federalism

Does a monetary union need fiscal shock absorbers helping the participating countries to cope with asymmetric shocks? The consensus in the debate over EMU argues that the answer is yes. In this paper, we revisit the issue, building on a dynamic, general equilibrium framework of regions in a monetary union exposed to asymmetric shocks. We show that inter-regional taxes and transfers can stabilize regional employment or consumption, but not both. The welfare effects of such stabilization are, however, ambiguous. In contrast to a popular argument in the EMU debate, inter-regional taxes and transfers do not reduce the incentives for goods and labor market deregulation in the regions, provided that the degree of trade integration among the regions is large. There is, however, reason to coordinate regional reform policies to avoid adverse effects on the aggregate performance of the union. --

Hierarchical contracting in grant decisions: ex-ante and ex-post evaluation in the context of the EURegional Policy

This paper applies incentive theory to the context of the European Union (EU) Regional Policy. The core instruments of the policy are the Structural Funds, capital grants that ?ow from the European Commission (EC) to Mem- ber States and regional authorities to promote investment and growth at local level. The EU grants need a co-payment by the regional government and do not cover in full the investment cost. We model this situation, similar to several other supra- national or federal contexts, as a simple principal-supervisor-agent model of the investment game between a supranational player (the principal), such as the EC, a non (fully) benevolent regional government (the supervisor), and a private ?rm (the executing agency). We show how the role of providers of additional information, the region (ex-ante) and an evaluator (ex-post) is crucial to reducing the optimal value of the grant and to improving the inef- ?ciencies caused by asymmetric information at the grant decision stage in a federal hierarchyHierarchical contracting, project evaluation, EU Regional Policy

Sharing Budgetary Austerity under Free Mobility and Asymmetric Information: An Optimal Regulation Approach to Fiscal Federalism

In the present article, Tiebout meets Laffont and Tirole in the land of Fiscal Federalism. We use a non-trivial Principal-Multi-Agent model to characterize the optimal intergovernmental grant schedule, when the cost of local public goods depends on hidden characteristics and actions of local governments, and under citizen free mobility. We show that local governments earn informational rents, and how optimal local taxes, public good production levels and land prices are jointly distorted at the second-best optimum, as a consequence of free mobility and asymmetric information. The effect of informational asymmetries is to decrease the average production of public goods and to increase the inter-jurisdictional variance of taxes and public-good production.asymmetric information, Principal-Agent model, public budget deficits, free-mobility equilibrium, fiscal federalism