THE IMPACTOFTECHNOLOGYON EMERGENT LEADERSHIPBEHAVIORSAND PERCEPTIONS IN SRI LANKA

Organizations are increasingly making use of technology to facilitate collaboration and communication within teams. Such computer-mediated work arrangements are not limited by geography and often require new work practices including more proactive individual participation – or emergent leadership. While emergent leadership has been studied extensively in North America, much less work has been done in other cultures. In this paper we report the findings from a longitudinal study of emergent leadership behavior in computer-supported project teams in Sri Lanka with special attention paid to the role of gender. Also, the relationship between actual leadership behaviors and leadership perceptions is investigated. Similar to North American studies we found that technology helped level the playing field for women enabling them to engage in emergent leadership behavior. Further, women engaging in both task- and socially-oriented leadership behaviors were positively perceived by team mate

Expectancy Effects As Moderated By Expecter Need For Achievement and Target Self-Consciousness

The phenomenon labeled self-fulfilling prophecy” is one of the most widely researched areas of psychology (Miller & Turnbull, 1986). However, even after more than three decades of research related to the effects of expectancies, opinion about the importance and even the existence of selffulfilling prophecy is mixed (Jussim, 1991). Effect sizes are often small (Rosenthal & Rubin, 1978; Jussim, 1991), but even small effects cannot always be considered inconsequential. In certain settings small effects of invalid expectancies may rob individuals of opportunities to which they are entitled. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to evaluate the moderating effects of personality on the likelihood of expectancies influencing perceptions and behaviors in a simulated selection setting, one area in which even small effects may violate individuals rights to an unbiased evaluation. Expectancy effects were examined within high-, low-, and no-expectancy conditions involving two-member teams of undergraduate volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to the role of selector or applicant in a task designed to evaluate the applicant for a competitive game. Selectors were identified as either high or low need to achieve (nAch) and applicants were identified as either high or low self-conscious. Results indicated that the effect on the behavior of an applicant was consistent with selector expectancies, particularly if the selector was high nAch. The effect on selector ratings of applicants was consistent with selector expectancies, particularly with high nAch selectors and high self-conscious applicants. A three-way interaction of applicant self-consciousness by selector nAch by expectancy was found for applicant ratings of task enjoyment and willingness to participate. Means were in the direction predicted by selector expectancies only for dyads consisting of a high self-conscious applicant and a high nAch selector. Post-hoc analysis of high- versus low-expectancy conditions confirmed the importance of expectancy and selector nAch on the behavior of applicants and expectancy on selector ratings of applicant ability and willingness to recommend

Proposing the Multimotive Information Systems Continuance Model (MISC) to Better Explain End-User System Evaluations and Continuance Intentions

To ensure that users want to continue using a system, information system designers must consider the influence of users’ intrinsic motivations in addition to commonly studied extrinsic motivations. In an attempt to address this need, several studies have extended models of extrinsic motivation to include intrinsic variables. However, these studies largely downplay the role of users’ intrinsic motivations in predicting system use and how this role differs from that of extrinsic motivation. The role of met and unmet expectations related to system use is often excluded from extant models, and their function as cocreators in user evaluations has not been sufficiently explained. Even though expectations are a firmly established consequence of motivations and an antecedent of interaction evaluations, this area remains understudied. Our paper addresses these gaps by developing and testing a comprehensive model—the multimotive information systems continuance model (MISC)—that (1) explains more accurately and thoroughly the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, (2) explains how the fulfillment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affects systems-use outcome variables differently through met expectations, and (3) accounts for the effects of key design constructs

Monitoring Web 2.0 - User Generated Content in the Hospitality Industry

Increased importance of user generated content (UGC) forces hotel managers to place greater emphasis on monitoring their online reputation. The study at hand investigates the hospitality industry’s attitude towards UGC as well as if and how the industry monitors online reviews of tourists. Data collected from an online survey conducted in German- speaking countries in Europe (Austria, Germany and Switzerland) are analyzed. The analysis of 693 completed questionnaires revealed that managers in all three countries assess evaluating UGC as highly important. This is also reflected in a high percentage of managers monitoring their hotels’ reputation themselves and by not delegating the task to employees. Further, managers have a rather positive attitude towards negative reviews. However, only a minority uses social media for advertising purposes. Further results are presented and implications are discussed

Post-Acceptance of Electronic Medical Records: Evidence from a Longitudinal Field Study

Many studies investigating post-acceptance of electronic medical records (EMR) assume that healthcare professionals exclusively base their continuance behavior on reasoned actions. While rational considerations certainly affect the intention to use an EMR, it does not fully explain the definitive user continuance behavior. Evidence exists that also subliminal effects such as habits and emotions play an important role. Consequently, we propose to investigate post-acceptance of EMR applying three different, but complementary views: (i) continuance behavior as result of reasoned actions, (ii) continuance behavior as result of emotional responses, and (iii) continuance behavior as result of habitual responses. The results from a longitudinal field study showed that automatic behavior, enabled by sufficient facilitating conditions and a good task-technology-fit, as well as positive emotions considerably affected healthcare professionals EMR continuance behavior. It also showed that a user’s computer literacy level didn’t play a significant role regarding the post-acceptance behavior

Dysfunktionale Erwartungen bei Personen mit depressiver Symptomatik - Relevanz, Aufrechterhaltung und Mechanismen der Veränderung

Eine Vielzahl von Studien belegt die Bedeutung von dysfunktionalen Kognitionen für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von depressiven Störungen. Jüngste Arbeiten legen jedoch nahe, dass dysfunktionale Erwartungen eine besonders relevante Untergruppe von Kognitionen im Kontext depressiver Störungen darstellen könnten, da Erwartungen als zukunftsgerichtete Kognitionen individuelle Vorhersagen für die Zukunft darstellen und damit das zukünftige Wohlbefinden entscheidend beeinflussen könnten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es daher, die Rolle von dysfunktionalen Erwartungen bei Personen mit depressiver Symptomatik genauer zu untersuchen. Dafür wurde zunächst ein Fragebogen entwickelt, der depressions-spezifische Erwartungen mit einem hohen Maß an situativer Spezifität erfasst (Studie 1). In einer gemischten Stichprobe (N=175) zeigte dieser Fragebogen dabei gute bis sehr gute psychometrische Gütekriterien. In einer weiteren Studie mit einer klinischen Stichprobe (N=95) zeigte sich im Querschnitt, dass situations-spezifische dysfunktionale Erwartungen (SDE) ein wichtiges Bindeglied zwischen globalen Kognitionen und depressiven Symptomen darstellen, da SDE den Einfluss von globalen Kognitionen auf depressive Symptome mediierten (Studie 2). Bei Betrachtung der Längsschnittdaten einer klinischen (N=52) und einer gesunden Stichprobe (N=47) zeigte sich, dass SDE depressive Symptome zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt besser vorhersagten als globale Kognitionen (Studie 3). Nachdem in Studien 1-3 gezeigt wurde, dass dysfunktionale Erwartungen einen wichtigen Einfluss auf depressive Symptome haben, wurde in Studien 4-6 untersucht, inwiefern sich dysfunktionale Erwartungen durch erwartungsverletzende Erfahrungen verändern lassen. Dabei wurde zunächst in einem theoretischen Modell die Hypothese formuliert, dass Personen mit depressiver Symptomatik häufig trotz korrigierender Erfahrungen an dysfunktionalen Erwartungen festhalten, indem sie erwartungsverletzende Erfahrungen im Nachhinein uminterpretieren und abwerten (sog. kognitive Immunisierung, Studie 4). Nachfolgend wurde mit Hilfe einer studentischen Stichprobe (N=102) ein experimentelles Paradigma entwickelt, mit dem die Veränderung von Erwartungen bei Personen mit depressiven Symptomen untersucht werden kann (Studie 5). In Studie 6 zeigte sich schließlich, dass Personen mit depressiver Symptomatik (N=58) tatsächlich trotz erwartungsverletzender Erfahrungen an ihren ursprünglichen Erwartungen festhielten, während gesunde Personen (N=59) ihre Erwartungen in der gleichen Situation veränderten. Zusätzlich konnte in einem weiteren Teilexperiment (N=59) bestätigt werden, dass kognitive Immunisierung einen wichtigen Mechanismus darstellt, der der Aufrechterhaltung von Erwartungen zu Grunde liegt

On the One Hand and On the Other: The Effect of Embodying Balance and Uncertainty Orientation on the Confirmation Bias

The moderating effects of embodied cognition and uncertainty orientation were examined in relation to the confirmation bias. Specifically, the alternate movement of both hands palms up, which often accompanies the expression “on the one hand, and on the other” relating to the weighing of an argument, was manipulated. Uncertainty orientation distinguishes between people who are uncertainty-oriented (UOs), that confront uncertainty with the intention of resolving it; and people who are oriented toward certainty (COs), in that they attempt to maintain certainty, by creating a predictable environment. Significant interactions were found between uncertainty orientation and the embodiment manipulations for selective exposure, biased reasoning, and a disconfirmation bias, while uncertainty orientation moderated the effects of attitude polarization. Further examination revealed that the embodiment manipulation had a significant effect on UOs, whereby they increased their search for incongruent information and rated information less biasedly, and this difference was greater than for COs

THE (MILLENNIAL) TIMES, THEY ARE A’CHANGIN’: UNDERSTANDING GEN Z’S EXPECTATIONS IN THE CLASSROOM

Drawing from over a decade of research, it can be said with relative certainty what millennial learners expected of their instructors when they were in the college classroom. But what about the expectations and needs of our current group of students, Generation Z? Because few studies exist on Gen Z in higher education spaces, this dissertation establishes a baseline of what these students might need and expect from market and generational research on this group of students and establishes expectancy violations theory as a sound theoretical base for instructional research. This dissertation’s longitudinal, two-phase study, then, seeks to determine Gen Z students’ expectations of their instructors’ communication behaviors (i.e., credibility, rapport, confirmation, digital literacy) in the college classroom and examined the impact that violations of these expectations can have on these students’ levels of engagement. Findings suggest that Gen Z students expected a moderate level of rapport and high levels of credibility, confirmation, and digital literacy; credibility and confirmation expectations were significantly negatively violated, while digital literacy expectations were significantly positively violated. Additional findings demonstrate that Gen Z students whose instructors met or positively violated expectations reported higher engagement than those with negatively violated expectations. Implications for instructors and administrators, as well as implications for further use of expectancy violations theory, are included, such as the suggestion that instructors need to focus on tailoring their instruction to the specific needs and expectations of Gen Z students, who differ greatly from generations past

Language in Social Contexts: An Examination of the Effects of the Linguistic Intergroup Bias on Social Categorization and Interpersonal Behavior

This dissertation examines the role of language in social contexts. Specifically, two experiments were designed to extend our understanding of the Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB) by elucidating its effects on stereotype application and social behavior. The LIB is the tendency to describe positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. The first experiment examined the extent to which the LIB augments intergroup categories and perpetuates stereotype use. When asked to match positive and negative behavioral descriptions written at different levels of abstraction to in-group and out-group faces, participants tended to categorize abstract negative behaviors with out-group faces, particularly Asian and Elderly faces. The second experiment examined the propensity for the language of the LIB to lead to behavioral confirmation during interpersonal interaction. Interaction partners depicted in positive or negative and abstract or concrete terms had only a slight effect on participants\u27 perceptions and partners\u27 behaviors. Altogether, the LIB appears to augment stereotypes but, taken out of the group context, does not clearly confirm negative behavior. The implications of these studies for theory and practice are discussed