18,026 research outputs found
Some Efficient Solutions to Yao's Millionaire Problem
We present three simple and efficient protocol constructions to solve Yao's
Millionaire Problem when the parties involved are non-colluding and
semi-honest. The first construction uses a partially homomorphic Encryption
Scheme and is a 4-round scheme using 2 encryptions, 2 homomorphic circuit
evaluations (subtraction and XOR) and a single decryption. The second
construction uses an untrusted third party and achieves a communication
overhead linear in input bit-size with the help of an order preserving
function.Moreover, the second construction does not require an apriori input
bound and can work on inputs of different bit-sizes. The third construction
does not use a third party and, even though, it has a quadratic communication
overhead, it is a fairly simple construction.Comment: 17 page
Fairness Evaluation in Cooperative Hybrid Cellular Systems
Many method has been applied previously to improve the fairness of a wireless communication system. In this paper, we propose using hybrid schemes, where more than one transmission scheme are used in one system, to achieve this objective. These schemes consist of cooperative transmission schemes, maximal ratio transmission and interference alignment, and non-cooperative schemes, orthogonal and non-orthogonal schemes used alongside and in combinations in the same system to improve the fairness. We provide different weight calculation methods to vary the output of the fairness problem. We show the solution of the radio resource allocation problem for the transmission schemes used. Finally, simulation results is provided to show fairness achieved, in terms of Jain's fairness index, by applying the hybrid schemes proposed and the different weight calculation methods at different inter-site distances
Markets are Dead, Long Live Markets
Researchers have long proposed using economic approaches to resource
allocation in computer systems. However, few of these proposals became
operational, let alone commercial. Questions persist about the economic
approach regarding its assumptions, value, applicability, and relevance to
system design. The goal of this paper is to answer these questions. We find
that market-based resource allocation is useful, and more importantly, that
mechanism design and system design should be integrated to produce systems that
are both economically and computationally efficient.Comment: Fix rotation of figure
Strange Loops: Apparent versus Actual Human Involvement in Automated Decision-Making
The era of AI-based decision-making fast approaches, and anxiety is mounting about when, and why, we should keep “humans in the loop” (“HITL”). Thus far, commentary has focused primarily on two questions: whether, and when, keeping humans involved will improve the results of decision-making (making them safer or more accurate), and whether, and when, non-accuracy-related values—legitimacy, dignity, and so forth—are vindicated by the inclusion of humans in decision-making. Here, we take up a related but distinct question, which has eluded the scholarship thus far: does it matter if humans appear to be in the loop of decision-making, independent from whether they actually are? In other words, what is stake in the disjunction between whether humans in fact have ultimate authority over decision-making versus whether humans merely seem, from the outside, to have such authority?
Our argument proceeds in four parts. First, we build our formal model, enriching the HITL question to include not only whether humans are actually in the loop of decision-making, but also whether they appear to be so. Second, we describe situations in which the actuality and appearance of HITL align: those that seem to involve human judgment and actually do, and those that seem automated and actually are. Third, we explore instances of misalignment: situations in which systems that seem to involve human judgment actually do not, and situations in which systems that hold themselves out as automated actually rely on humans operating “behind the curtain.” Fourth, we examine the normative issues that result from HITL misalignment, arguing that it challenges individual decision-making about automated systems and complicates collective governance of automation
Pension Reform, Retirement and Life-Cycle Unemployment
The labor market effects of pension reform stem from retirement behavior and from job search and hours worked of prime age workers. This paper investigates the impact of four often proposed policy measures for sustainable pensions: strengthening the tax benefit link, moving from wage to price indexation of benefits, lengthening calculation periods, and introducing more actuarial fairness in pension assessment. We provide some analytical results and use a computational model to demonstrate the economic and welfare impact of recent pension reform in Austria.Pension Reform, Retirement, Job Search, Life-cycle Unemployment
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