132,582 research outputs found
Expressivity of Spiking Neural Networks
This article studies the expressive power of spiking neural networks where
information is encoded in the firing time of neurons. The implementation of
spiking neural networks on neuromorphic hardware presents a promising choice
for future energy-efficient AI applications. However, there exist very few
results that compare the computational power of spiking neurons to arbitrary
threshold circuits and sigmoidal neurons. Additionally, it has also been shown
that a network of spiking neurons is capable of approximating any continuous
function. By using the Spike Response Model as a mathematical model of a
spiking neuron and assuming a linear response function, we prove that the
mapping generated by a network of spiking neurons is continuous piecewise
linear. We also show that a spiking neural network can emulate the output of
any multi-layer (ReLU) neural network. Furthermore, we show that the maximum
number of linear regions generated by a spiking neuron scales exponentially
with respect to the input dimension, a characteristic that distinguishes it
significantly from an artificial (ReLU) neuron. Our results further extend the
understanding of the approximation properties of spiking neural networks and
open up new avenues where spiking neural networks can be deployed instead of
artificial neural networks without any performance loss
An on-line training radial basis function neural network for optimum operation of the UPFC
The concept of Flexible A.C. Transmission Systems (FACTS) technology was developed to enhance the performance of electric power networks (both in steady-state and transient-state) and to make better utilization of existing power transmission facilities. The continuous improvement in power ratings and switching performance of power electronic devices together with advances in circuit design and control techniques are making this concept and devices employed in FACTS more commercially attractive. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is one of the main FACTS devices that have a wide implication on the power transmission systems and distribution. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to control the operation of the UPFC in order to improve its dynamic performance. The performance of the proposed controller compares favourably with the conventional PI and the off-line trained controller. The simple structure of the proposed controller reduces the computational requirements and emphasizes its appropriateness for on-line operation. Real-time implementation of the controller is achieved through using dSPACE ds1103 control and data acquisition board. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller against changes in the transmission system operating conditions
Neural Koopman prior for data assimilation
With the increasing availability of large scale datasets, computational power
and tools like automatic differentiation and expressive neural network
architectures, sequential data are now often treated in a data-driven way, with
a dynamical model trained from the observation data. While neural networks are
often seen as uninterpretable black-box architectures, they can still benefit
from physical priors on the data and from mathematical knowledge. In this
paper, we use a neural network architecture which leverages the long-known
Koopman operator theory to embed dynamical systems in latent spaces where their
dynamics can be described linearly, enabling a number of appealing features. We
introduce methods that enable to train such a model for long-term continuous
reconstruction, even in difficult contexts where the data comes in
irregularly-sampled time series. The potential for self-supervised learning is
also demonstrated, as we show the promising use of trained dynamical models as
priors for variational data assimilation techniques, with applications to e.g.
time series interpolation and forecasting
Optimal and Robust Neural Network Controllers for Proximal Spacecraft Maneuvers
Recent successes in machine learning research, buoyed by advances in computational power, have revitalized interest in neural networks and demonstrated their potential in solving complex controls problems. In this research, the reinforcement learning framework is combined with traditional direct shooting methods to generate optimal proximal spacecraft maneuvers. Open-loop and closed-loop feedback controllers, parameterized by multi-layer feed-forward artificial neural networks, are developed with evolutionary and gradient-based optimization algorithms. Utilizing Clohessy- Wiltshire relative motion dynamics, terminally constrained fixed-time, fuel-optimal trajectories are solved for intercept, rendezvous, and natural motion circumnavigation transfer maneuvers using three different thrust models: impulsive, finite, and continuous. In addition to optimality, the neurocontroller performance robustness to parametric uncertainty and bounded initial conditions is assessed. By bridging the gap between existing optimal and nonlinear control techniques, this research demonstrates that neurocontrollers offer a flexible and robust alternative approach to the solution of complex controls problems in the space domain and present a promising path forward to more capable, autonomous spacecraft
Machine learning: statistical physics based theory and smart industry applications
The increasing computational power and the availability of data have made it possible to train ever-bigger artificial neural networks. These so-called deep neural networks have been used for impressive applications, like advanced driver assistance and support in medical diagnoses. However, various vulnerabilities have been revealed and there are many open questions concerning the workings of neural networks. Theoretical analyses are therefore essential for further progress. One current question is: why is it that networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation seemingly perform better than networks with sigmoidal activation?We contribute to the answer to this question by comparing ReLU networks with sigmoidal networks in diverse theoretical learning scenarios. In contrast to analysing specific datasets, we use a theoretical modelling using methods from statistical physics. They give the typical learning behaviour for chosen model scenarios. We analyse both the learning behaviour on a fixed dataset and on a data stream in the presence of a changing task. The emphasis is on the analysis of the networkâs transition to a state wherein specific concepts have been learnt. We find significant benefits of ReLU networks: they exhibit continuous increases of their performance and adapt more quickly to changing tasks.In the second part of the thesis we treat applications of machine learning: we design a quick quality control method for material in a production line and study the relationship with product faults. Furthermore, we introduce a methodology for the interpretable classification of time series data
Learning without Data: Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Fast Time-Domain Simulation
In order to drastically reduce the heavy computational burden associated with
time-domain simulations, this paper introduces a Physics-Informed Neural
Network (PINN) to directly learn the solutions of power system dynamics. In
contrast to the limitations of classical model order reduction approaches,
commonly used to accelerate time-domain simulations, PINNs can universally
approximate any continuous function with an arbitrary degree of accuracy. One
of the novelties of this paper is that we avoid the need for any training data.
We achieve this by incorporating the governing differential equations and an
implicit Runge-Kutta (RK) integration scheme directly into the training process
of the PINN; through this approach, PINNs can predict the trajectory of a
dynamical power system at any discrete time step. The resulting
Runge-Kutta-based physics-informed neural networks (RK-PINNs) can yield up to
100 times faster evaluations of the dynamics compared to standard time-domain
simulations. We demonstrate the methodology on a single-machine infinite bus
system governed by the swing equation. We show that RK-PINNs can accurately and
quickly predict the solution trajectories.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, submitted to IEEE International Conference on
Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids
2021(SmartGridComm
A Survey on Continuous Time Computations
We provide an overview of theories of continuous time computation. These
theories allow us to understand both the hardness of questions related to
continuous time dynamical systems and the computational power of continuous
time analog models. We survey the existing models, summarizing results, and
point to relevant references in the literature
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