A Rule-based Methodology and Feature-based Methodology for Effect Relation Extraction in Chinese Unstructured Text

The Chinese language differs significantly from English, both in lexical representation and grammatical structure. These differences lead to problems in the Chinese NLP, such as word segmentation and flexible syntactic structure. Many conventional methods and approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP) based on English text are shown to be ineffective when attending to these language specific problems in late-started Chinese NLP. Relation Extraction is an area under NLP, looking to identify semantic relationships between entities in the text. The term “Effect Relation” is introduced in this research to refer to a specific content type of relationship between two entities, where one entity has a certain “effect” on the other entity. In this research project, a case study on Chinese text from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) journal publications is built, to closely examine the forms of Effect Relation in this text domain. This case study targets the effect of a prescription or herb, in treatment of a disease, symptom or body part. A rule-based methodology is introduced in this thesis. It utilises predetermined rules and templates, derived from the characteristics and pattern observed in the dataset. This methodology achieves the F-score of 0.85 in its Named Entity Recognition (NER) module; 0.79 in its Semantic Relationship Extraction (SRE) module; and the overall performance of 0.46. A second methodology taking a feature-based approach is also introduced in this thesis. It views the RE task as a classification problem and utilises mathematical classification model and features consisting of contextual information and rules. It achieves the F-scores of: 0.73 (NER), 0.88 (SRE) and overall performance of 0.41. The role of functional words in the contemporary Chinese language and in relation to the ERs in this research is explored. Functional words have been found to be effective in detecting the complex structure ER entities as rules in the rule-based methodology

Barriers to industrial energy efficiency: a literature review

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English Morphological Analysis with Machine-learned Rules

PACLIC 20 / Wuhan, China / 1-3 November, 200

Category tree integration by exploiting hierarchical structure.

Lin, Jianfeng.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Abstract --- p.i内容摘要 --- p.iiAcknowledgement --- p.iiiTable of Contents --- p.ivList of Figures --- p.viList of Tables --- p.viiChapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter Chapter 2. --- Related Work --- p.6Chapter 2.1. --- Ontology Integration --- p.7Chapter 2.2. --- Schema Matching --- p.10Chapter 2.3. --- Taxonomy Integration as Text Categorization --- p.13Chapter 2.4. --- Cross-lingual Text Categorization & Cross-lingual Information Retrieval --- p.15Chapter Chapter 3. --- Problem Definition --- p.17Chapter 3.1. --- Mono-lingual Category Tree Integration --- p.17Chapter 3.2. --- Integration Operators --- p.19Chapter 3.3. --- Cross-lingual Category Tree Integration --- p.21Chapter Chapter 4. --- Mono-lingual Category Tree Integration Techniques --- p.23Chapter 4.1. --- Category Relationships --- p.23Chapter 4.2. --- Decision Rules --- p.27Chapter 4.3. --- Mapping Algorithm --- p.38Chapter Chapter 5. --- Experiment of Mono-lingual Category Tree Integration --- p.42Chapter 5.1. --- Dataset --- p.42Chapter 5.2. --- Automated Text Classifier --- p.43Chapter 5.3. --- Evaluation Metrics --- p.46Chapter 5.3.1. --- Integration Accuracy --- p.47Chapter 5.3.2. --- Precision and Recall and F1 value of the Three Operators --- p.48Chapter 5.3.3. --- "Precision and Recalls of ""Split""" --- p.48Chapter 5.4. --- Parameter Turning --- p.49Chapter 5.5. --- Experiments Results --- p.55Chapter Chapter 6. --- Cross-lingual Category Tree Integration --- p.60Chapter 6.1. --- Parallel Corpus --- p.61Chapter 6.2. --- Cross-lingual Concept Space Construction --- p.65Chapter 6.2.1. --- Phase Extraction --- p.65Chapter 6.2.2. --- Co-occurrence analysis --- p.65Chapter 6.2.3. --- Associate Constraint Network for Concept Generation --- p.67Chapter 6.3. --- Document Translation --- p.69Chapter 6.4. --- Experiment Setting --- p.72Chapter 6.5. --- Experiment Results --- p.73Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.77Reference --- p.7

Decoding Judicial Reasoning in China: A Comparative Empirical Analysis of Guiding Cases

The judicial system in China recently started using legal precedents—known as guiding cases—as a new legal source to eliminate adjudicative inconsistency. Guiding cases (“GCs”) present the current judicial reasoning to some extent and can be used to predict the future of judicial reasoning in China. What are GCs? What legal issues do GCs address? How do they address legal issues? How do GCs affect the legal system and adjudication in China? This Article answers these questions with empirical evidence and comparisons to judicial reasoning in the United States. It is the first empirical research providing a systematic review of all the GCs published by November 2019. GCs are de facto binding and treated as legal precedents by Chinese judges, even though the literature used to heavily debate whether they are “common-law precedents.” This Article’s research rejects the dichotomy between civil law and common law in the modern age. Instead, after reviewing the development and history of law in China, this Article argues that the Chinese legal system is in fact a dynamic mix between the civil and common law systems. The empirical design revisits American jurisprudential criteria to decode judicial reasoning in China. Even though these jurisprudential criteria are debatable by themselves, the hypotheses and the coding strategy rely on their overlaps and conflicts – a public or private interest-concentrated perspective: How do Chinese courts treat the public and private interests under the various degrees of government intervention? The empirical analyses in this Article suggest that Chinese courts are on the path towards pragmatism and that there are common characteristics of the judicial reasoning in China shared by the U.S. Supreme Court. On the one hand, judges in China are state agents and follow state policies. They address social concerns and the public interest, which do not necessarily harm private interests or suggest conflicts with private interests. On the other hand, the Chinese courts are independent from administrative agencies, even though they defer to government interpretations of law to a greater extent than the U.S. Supreme Court