The problem of middle income trap in the context of the Polish economy

Middle income trap is a phenomenon that occurs at the time of entry of the economy in the cycle of overheating, which in turn leads to economic stagnation or even recession in developing countries. This phenomenon is most common among the developing countries aspiring to catch up with developed countries in economic development. The purpose of this article is to analyze the degree of risk of the Polish economy of middle income trap. Furthermore, in the article it has been indicated action of the economic authorities in Poland, which are unavoidable in order not to fall into middle income trap. To achieve this objective the following research methods were used: a review of the scientific literature and methods of statistical presentation of economic phenomena. The paper identified a number of factors which pose a real threat of falling into the middle income trap in Poland. The originality of this study lies in noticing and highlighting the significance of the middle income trap problem for the Polish economy

0387 : Incidence and predictors of the late catch-up phenomenon after drug-eluting stent implantation

PurposeAlthough clinical restenosis within 1year after percutaneous coronary intervention has been remarkably reduced with the advent of drugeluting stents (DES), the late catch-up (LCU) phenomenon remains an issue despite medical advances. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and predictive factors of the LCU phenomenon in an unselected population treated with DES.Materials and MethodsA total of 936 lesions treated with DES between June 2002 and June 2010 were analyzed. The LCU phenomenon was defined as secondary revascularization 1 year after index stenting.ResultsIncidence of the LCU phenomenon was seen in 103 lesions (11,04%). In the multivariate analysis, severe calcifications [odds ratio (OR) 6.07, p=0.017], restenosis lesion (OR 1.58, p=0.003), and long lesions (OR 2.06, p=0.031) were identified as independent predictors of the LCU phenomenon.ConclusionThe LCU phenomenon is associated with serious consequences and adverse events and remains an important issue in modern practice, despite medical advances. Special consideration must be given to patients with restenosis lesion, long lesions and severe calcifications

Caloric restriction induces energy-sparing alterations in skeletal muscle contraction, fiber composition and local thyroid hormone metabolism that persist during catch-up fat upon refeeding.

Weight regain after caloric restriction results in accelerated fat storage in adipose tissue. This catch-up fat phenomenon is postulated to result partly from suppressed skeletal muscle thermogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are elusive. We investigated whether the reduced rate of skeletal muscle contraction-relaxation cycle that occurs after caloric restriction persists during weight recovery and could contribute to catch-up fat. Using a rat model of semistarvation-refeeding, in which fat recovery is driven by suppressed thermogenesis, we show that contraction and relaxation of leg muscles are slower after both semistarvation and refeeding. These effects are associated with (i) higher expression of muscle deiodinase type 3 (DIO3), which inactivates tri-iodothyronine (T3), and lower expression of T3-activating enzyme, deiodinase type 2 (DIO2), (ii) slower net formation of T3 from its T4 precursor in muscles, and (iii) accumulation of slow fibers at the expense of fast fibers. These semistarvation-induced changes persisted during recovery and correlated with impaired expression of transcription factors involved in slow-twitch muscle development. We conclude that diminished muscle thermogenesis following caloric restriction results from reduced muscle T3 levels, alteration in muscle-specific transcription factors, and fast-to-slow fiber shift causing slower contractility. These energy-sparing effects persist during weight recovery and contribute to catch-up fat

The Mindfulness Revolution

Mindfulness meditation is in the news and in our culture, a seemingly new “trend” that celebrities and universities alike have embraced. However, as Professor Donna Oropall points out, this “trend” has been part of Eastern and Western cultures for millennia, and it is only now that science is beginning to catch up. She investigates this phenomenon through her own experiences practicing and teaching, encouraging us to rethink our preconceptions about the way we live

Interrupted Work Careers

The quantitative effects and even the existence of "human capital depreciation" phenomena has been a subject of controversy in the recent literature. Prior work, however, was largely cross-sectional and theiotgitudina1 dimension, if any, was retrospective. Using longitudinal panel data (on married women in NLS) we have now established that real wages at reentry are, indeed, lower than. at the point of labor force withdrawal, and the decline in wages is bigger the longer the interruption. Another striking finding is a relatively rapid growth in wages after the return to work. This rapid growth appears to reflect the restoration (or "repair") of previously eroded human capital. The phenomenon of "depreciation" and "restoration" is also visible in data for immigrants to the United States. However, while immigrants eventually catch up with and often surpass natives, returnees from the non-market never fully restore their earnings potential.

The 1971-1974 Controls Program and The Price Level: An Econometric Post-Mortem

This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effects of the Nixon wage—price controls on the price level. The major new wrinkle is that the controls are treated as a quantitative (rather than just a qualitative) phenomenon through the use of a specially-constructed series indicating the fraction of the economy that was controlled. According to the estimates, by February 1974controls had lowered the non-food non-energy price level by 3—4 percent. After that point, and especially after controls ended in April 1974, a period of rapid 'catch up' inflation eroded the gains that had been achieved, leaving the price level from zero to 2 percent below what it would have been in the absence of controls. The dismantling of controls can thus account for most of the burst of 'double digit' inflation in non-food and non-energy prices during 1974.

インスリン テイコウセイ カラ ミタ ヤクザイ ヨウシュツセイ ステント リュウチ ゴ ノ late catch up ゲンショウ ニ ツイテノ ケントウ

目的:虚血性心疾患の危険因子としてメタボリックシンドロームが注目されているが,その背景にはインスリン抵抗性が存在している.一方,虚血性心疾患の治療において経皮的冠動脈形成術(percutaneouscoronary intervention:PCI)は有用な治療法であるが再狭窄が課題である.近年薬剤溶出性ステント(Drugelutingstent:DES)が臨床応用され再狭窄は減少しているものの,ステント血栓症や晩期再狭窄であるlatecatch up 現象などの慢性期における新たな課題が散見されている.今回我々はインスリン抵抗性とDES 留置患者の慢性期の心血管イベントの関連を調べるためにインスリン抵抗性をHomeostasis Model Assessment 指数(HOMA-IR)を用いて検討した.方法:2004 年8 月より2008 年11 月までにPCI を施行しDES を使用した109 例についてHOMA-IR を計測しインスリン抵抗性を認める群(P 群:n=63)と認めない群(N 群:n=46)にわけ慢性期における心血管イベントについて検討した.結果:観察期間は平均で5.48±1.30 年であった.心臓死,再狭窄,心筋梗塞,脳梗塞,心不全,ステント血栓症においては両群間において有意差を認めなかった.しかしlate catch up 現象においてはP 群12.7%とN 群2.2%と有意差を認めた(p=0.048).結論:インスリン抵抗性はDES 留置後のlate catch up 現象の予測因子であった.インスリン抵抗性を改善させることにより慢性期における心血管イベントのさらなる減少が期待される.PURPOSE:Percutaneous coronary intervention( PCI) isan effective treatment for patients with ischemic heart disease;especially, restenosis is suppressed after drug-elutingstent (DES) implantation. However, several problemsstill remain. Previously, we reported neo-intimal proliferationafter DES implantation that was associated with insulinresistance. The aim of this study was to clarify whether insulinresistance was associated with Major Adverse Cardiacand Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE) after DES implantation.METHODS:We researched the clinical records of 109patients who had been subjected to elective PCI and DESimplantation between May 2007 and December 2010. Wedistributed these patients by the value of homeostasis modelassessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) into aGroup P (n=63;HOMA-IR &#8805; 2.5, positive) and a Group N(n=46;HOMA-IR<2.5, negative), and examined the relationshipbetween HOMA-IR and MACCE.RESULTS:The observation period was 5.48±1.30years. There were no differences between the two groupsin the occurrence of cardiac death, restenosis, stroke, acutemyocardial infarction, heart failure and stent thrombosis.But late catch-up phenomenon in group P was significantlyhigher than in group N (12.7 % vs 2.2 % p=0.042). The logisticanalysis showed that the only independent predictorof late catch-up phenomenon was insulin resistance (OR6.55;95 % CI 0.79-54.32, p=0.049).CONCLUSION:We suggest that insulin resistance is auseful predictor of late catch-up phenomenon;furthermore,improvement of insulin resistance may contribute toprevent late catch-up phenomenon after DES implantation