2 research outputs found

    Rearranjo de genomas : algoritmos e complexidade

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    This thesis discusses events of genome rearrangements problems: transposition, breakpoint, block interchange, short block move, and the restricted multi break. We consider problems of sorting, closest permutation, and the diameter. We develop approximation algorithms, NP-completeness and properties about these problems. Regarding the sorting by transpositions, which is an NP-complete problem, several approximation algorithms were proposed based on the graph called the reality and desire diagram. Through a case analyses of the cycles of this graph, we propose a new one which achieves so far the best 1.375 ratio and O(n log n) running time complexity. Although sorting by transpositions is NP-complete, there are several metrics whose sorting problems are polynomial or are open. In such cases, an interesting problem arises to find a permutation with maximum distance of an input permutation set at most some value, this is the closest permutation problem. We show that with respect to the polynomial distance problems of breakpoint and of block interchange, both problems are NP-complete. In order to explore properties on operations that are restriction or generalization of others, we deal with the operation of short block move and we propose the operation of restricted multi break. Regarding the short block move, we show tractable classes of permutations, properties on the permutation graph, and we show that the closest permutation problem is NP-complete. Regarding the restricted multi break, we study two versions: one where the number of non reversible blocks is bounded by a constant, and another one whose number of non reversible blocks is arbitrary. We prove tight bounds on the distance and the diameter problems for both versions.Esta tese trata de rearranjo de genomas nos eventos de: transposição, pontos de quebra, movimento de blocos, movimento de blocos curtos, e de multi corte restritos. Abordamos os problemas de ordenação, permutação mais próxima, e de diâmetro. Apresentamos algoritmos aproximativos, NP-completudes e propriedades. Sobre o problema de ordenação por transposições, provado ser NP-completo, alguns algoritmos aproximativos foram propostos baseados no grafo chamado diagrama de realidade e desejo. Através da análise dos ciclos deste grafo, propomos um novo algoritmo que atinge melhores resultados correntes, tanto de razão de aproximação de 1,375 quanto de complexidade de tempo de O(n log n). Embora ordenação por transposições seja NP-completo, há outros problemas polinomiais ou em aberto. Nestes casos, surge o desafio de encontrar uma permutação que esteja a uma distância máxima limitada por algum valor em relação a um conjunto de permutações dadas de entrada. Este é o problema de encontrar a permutação mais próxima. Mostramos que, em relação `as operações de pontos de quebra e de movimento de blocos, tais problemas são NP-completos. Com o objetivo de obter propriedades sobre operações que restingem ou generalizam outras, tratamos da operação de movimento de blocos curtos e propomos a operação de multi corte restritos. Sobre movimento de blocos curtos, mostramos classes com distâncias exatas, propriedades sobre o grafo de permutação, e mostramos que o problema de permutação mais próxima é NP-completo. Sobre multi corte restritos, tratamos de duas variações: uma cujo número de blocos não reversíveis é limitado por constante, e outra cujo número de blocos não reversíveis é arbitrário. Mostramos limites justos de distância e de diâmetro para ambas as versões

    Sorting by Block Moves

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    The research in this thesis is focused on the problem of Block Sorting, which has applications in Computational Biology and in Optical Character Recognition (OCR). A block in a permutation is a maximal sequence of consecutive elements that are also consecutive in the identity permutation. BLOCK SORTING is the process of transforming an arbitrary permutation to the identity permutation through a sequence of block moves. Given an arbitrary permutation π and an integer m, the Block Sorting Problem, or the problem of deciding whether the transformation can be accomplished in at most m block moves has been shown to be NP-hard. After being known to be 3-approximable for over a decade, block sorting has been researched extensively and now there are several 2-approximation algorithms for its solution. This work introduces new structures on a permutation, which are called runs and ordered pairs, and are used to develop two new approximation algorithms. Both the new algorithms are 2-approximation algorithms, yielding the approximation ratio equal to the current best. This work also includes an analysis of both the new algorithms showing they are 2-approximation algorithms
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