Salaries in the public services in England and Wales 1946-1951: A vertical and horizontal analysis

The thesis is a study of post-war salaries in the public services in England and Wales. Part I consists of a detailed survey of salaries in all the major - and some of the smaller - services, including central and local government, education, the National Health Service, the Judiciary, the police and the nationalised industries, seventeen different fields being covered. For each service certain background information is given; salaries themselves are set out on 62 tables, amplified in the text with particulars of grading arrangements, special additions, pay history, etc. Working on the raw material thus collected, Part II Is comparative and analytical. In Chapter 18the preceding sections are looked at horizontally: aspects of salary structure such as the basis of classes and grades, allowances, area differentials, the length of scales, the size of Increments, the degree of discretion in the payment of salaries, are analysed. Four further tables are presented and various limited inter-service comparisons made. In Chapter 19 some of the problems of pay determination are examined, though the treatment is not exhaustive. Among the matters discussed are the recruitment-retention test, the role of "fairness", status and need, and some implications of "publicness". The more mundane problems of making comparisons for purposes of pay negotiation are considered, leading to a discussion of some of the difficulties of weighting promotion prospects and net advantages. The study ends with a general critique of the public service salary structure; the writer finds it to be deficient in important respects, although individual pay patterns have been considerably systematised. Three further papers are attached. The first analyses the distinction between wages and salaries. The second discusses the element of "accident" in the national salary structure. The third reviews the standards of remuneration for political and analogous forms of public service.<p

Infection control in British hospitals: a study of the planning, administration and effectiveness of infection control in British hospitals with particular reference to the role of the control of infection officer

ln 1967 the King Edward VII's Hospital Fund for London invited me to undertake an investigation into the Administrative Aspects of the Control of Infection in British Hospitals.The terms of reference were:-"To study the planning, administration and effectiveness of infection control in British Hospitals, with particular reference to the Control of Infection Officer."This thesis embodies my findings and is submitted with the consent of the King's Fund.I paid thirty-three visits to teaching, regional and mental hospitals, departments, regional hospital boards, hospital centres and medical schools. These were situated in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.The administrative structure for the control of infection differs for each hospital. The structures are of two main types corresponding to the two main types of medical administration. Irrespective of the type, one individual in each hospital - usually the bacteriologist - has all the problems on infection referred to him. He may be formally appointed Control of Infection Officer.Various individuals - medical and science graduates, sisters and nursing officers - have been appointed to apply the results of the bacteriological examinations to the control of infection.Opinions differ sharply as to the need for them and to their relative merits.Some hospitals have, in addition, a Control of Infection Committee. These Committees differ widely in their constitution, activities and usefulness.Many factors militate against the control of infection. These include the enforced use of obsolete buildings and equipment and inadequacies in the training of some undergraduates in bacteriology especially in its relation to clinical work.Defects were found in the administrative structures for the control of infection. The placing of responsibility for executive action on the Control of Infection Office, without giving him adequate authority makes his position anomalous. Much time and energy of both skilled and semi-skilled worke s can be wasted in the compila¬ tion and surveying of records of infection, especially if they are unnecessarily detailed and widely dispersed throughout the hospital.There is need for a better appreciation among the medical staff of the importance of the control of infection.The most important single factor for the control of infection is the state of the personal relations among the hospital staff. There should be better liaison between them and the local Medical Officer of Health.A detailed summary and detailed recommendations are included in the Thesis

Teachers Pay and Conditions of Service Inquiry. Final report, part 2: improving conditions, raising standards and negotiating arrangements

"Improving Conditions, Raising Standards and Negotiating Arrangements" - This is Part 2, and the last part, of the Final Report

The role of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities as an employers' organisation with an international comparison.

The thesis examines the development and present role of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities as an employers' organisation and contrasts this role with the manner in which the corresponding function is discharged by the local authority associations in the four Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The role embraces three main activities: joint collective bargaining, training and development and other support activities. The history of the joint collective bargaining activity now undertaken by the Convention on behalf of constituent local authorities spans almost half a century. The conclusion is drawn that it has developed on a somewhat piecemeal basis and that despite attempts, most recently in 1986, to introduce a greater element of co-ordination, the present arrangements are unnecessarily complex. Some of the negotiating arrangements are UK-wide, others have a link in to UK arrangements with subordinate Scottish machinery and yet others are unique to Scottish local government. The various negotiating bodies have different dates throughout the year for the settlement of pay claims and there is scope for the creation of anomalies between negotiating groups, since each negotiates and settles independently of the others. The training and development activities of the convention have a much shorter history. The minimal allocation of resources to these activities is criticised. The conclusion is drawn that without a greater allocation, local authorities in Scotland will continue to receive an impoverished service. The range of other support activities is also quite limited, although there has been a discernable development in these over the past four or five years. comparison is made between the present levels of provision and the recommendations of official reports on the provision of central personnel support in local government, spanning some 60 years, which endorses the conclusions drawn, that Scottish local government is not well served by the provision currently made by its central organisation. In relation to the collective bargaining activity, the international element of the research concludes by reference to all four comparator countries that it is possible to develop and work within a less complex model. On the other hand none of the comparators endures the complications of a relationship with negotiating arrangements covering a wider geographical area. The international comparison also highlights the extensive nature of the training and development activities of the local authority associations in three out of the four countries, and concludes that there is generally a greater availability of other support services. Finally, the thesis refers to the government's proposals for the reorganisation of local government in Scotland in the mid-1990s and suggests that the Convention should plan now for an appropriate enhancement of its role as an employers' organisation in support of the local government structure that will be in place following the reorganisation

Innovations in pay and grading in NHS trusts

This report examines innovations in pay and grading in 10 NHS trusts in England using data collected from March 2000 to January 2001, ie prior to the implementation of Agenda for Change. These 10 trusts, which varied in size, function, and location, were selected primarily to illustrate a variety of different approaches to pay and grading. The research utilised a qualitative methodology, with interviews of managers on a one to one basis, group interviews with lay union representatives, focus groups with staff and the inspection of documents. This study focused on four questions: • Did local pay resolve the problems associated with Whitley? • What were the consequences of local pay? • Were the trusts’ pay systems introduced in line with 'new pay' ideas and current trends in reward management? • What factors were critical to the success of developing and implementing local pay systems in NHS trusts

Exploring the Ambulatory Transitional Care Experience from Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACF) to Ambulatory Care Services

Objective(s): To explore the transitional care journey through Ambulatory care Services (ACS) for older residents from Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACF). To develop a clearer understanding of older residents needs and any gaps in current services provided; and to inform the development of a model of care to improve the resident’s transitional care journey Study Design: A qualitative project design using extensive stakeholder engagement Method: The Ambulatory Care (AC) experience was explored through semi-structured interviews with residents and their carers to determine gaps in transitional care continuity. Focus groups with RACF and ACS staff were also utilized. Journey mapping was used to support anecdotal evidence. Results: Three residents and 2 carers were interviewed and a total of 40 RACF and ACS staff attended 5 focus groups. Principal Findings: Qualitative data analysis identified four main themes across the transition journey: Inconsistent and adhoc communication; Just waiting around; Is it doing more harm than good?; and Unmet expectations.Conclusion: The results of this study have highlighted shortcomings in the provision of quality care in this transitional care group of older clients. A collaborative approach across organizational boundaries is necessary to ensure the development of an integrated person centered model to ensure the best transition to ambulatory care for RACF residents exists

Primary schools at the crossroads : a study of primary schools abilities to implement educational change, with a particular focus on small primary schools

This thesis addresses the issue of primary schools' abilities to implement educational change and focuses, in particular, on small primary schools. A comparison is made between small and large primary schools, in order to determine whether there are differences between the ways in which each have adapted to and implemented changes.Whilst a series of educational changes since the Second World War have affected primary schools the thesis takes 1988 as a watershed date, since the Education Reform Act of that year made considerable statutory demands upon primary schools. The thesis examines, in particular, the ability of small schools to implement changes effectively, since this was questioned following the Act, and it seemed that this might precipitate closures and amalgamations at a faster rate than had previously been the case.The thesis is based upon research over an eight-year period, involving three postal surveys, a series of structured interviews, and a review of relevant literature. The focal point for much of the research is the headteacher, with all of the empirical work being focused on heads, since they have been central to the management of change in schools. Attention is also given, mainly through reviews of literature, to the role of the class eacher and the way in which this has changed in relation to that of the head.The thesis may be divided into two sections. In the first, the scene is set through an examination of the position of primary schools in general, and small primary schools in articular, before the Education Reform Act. This is followed by a review of published research and the author's empirical studies, in order to gain an understanding of the way n which schools have coped with the implementation of the Education Reform Act. The thesis ends with conclusions and recommendations which are based upon the research findings

Public duty and private interest: report of the Committee of Inquiry established by the Prime Minister on 15 February 1978

This was the first report to set out the principles that underpin public servants\u27 and politicians\u27 obligations to disclose and manage conflicts of interest. Tabled in 1979, this is the first time a digitised version of this report, known as the \u27Bowen report\u27, has been made publically available. The intention to establish this inquiry was announced in a press statement issued by the then Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser on 16 December 1977. The statement mentioned the difficult position in which a Prime Minister finds himself when he is called upon to pass judgment on colleagues with whom he has worked closely, particularly as the Prime Minister must act as a judge and jury when allegations of impropriety are raised. Fraser expressed his disatisfaction with a previous inquiry on the topic, conducted by a Parliamentary committee. He stated that he would instead he would appoint a judge or Queen\u27s Counsel, to be assisted by a businessman and an accountant, to carry out a new inquiry. On 15 February 1978 Fraser stated that the new inquiry would be conducted by the Chief Judge of the Federal Court of Australia, the Hon. Sir Nigel Bowen, K.B.E., as well as Sir Cecil Looker, and Sir Edward Cain, C.B.E. The terms of reference were: 1. To recommend whether a statement of principles can be drawn up on the nature of private interests, pecuniary or otherwise, which could conflict with the public duty of any or all persons holding positions of public trust in relation to the Commonwealth. 2. To recommend whether principles can be defined which would promote the avoidance and if necessary the resolution of any conflicts of interest which the Inquiry may, under paragraph (1) above, find to be possible. 3. In the event of a finding under paragraph (2) above that principles can be defined, to recommend what those principles should be. 4. Without limiting the scope of paragraph (3) above, to recommend whether or not a register under judicial or other supervision should be maintained so that, in the event of allegations of impropriety, the allegation may be open to judicial investigation and report. 5. For the purposes of paragraph(1) above, \u27persons holding positions of public trust in relation to the Commonwealth\u27 to include the following: (a) Ministers; (b) Senators and Members of the House of Representatives; (c) Staff of (a) and (b); (d) Members of the Australian Public Service; and (e) Such other persons or classes of persons which in the opinion of the Committee ought to be included. This is the final report of the inquiry, which has helped shaped the conduct of the public service to this day. --------------- Part of the Policy History Collection. Digitisation of this report has been supported by the National Library of Australia. Reproduced with permission of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet