188 research outputs found
Evaluation and improvement of methods for estimating sea surface wave parameters from X-band marine radar data
In this thesis, several algorithms have been proposed for estimating ocean wave parameters
from X-band marine radar data, i.e., wave direction, wave period, and significant wave
height. In the first part of this study, the accuracy of wave direction and period estimation
from X-band marine radar images under different rain rates is analyzed, and a sub-image
selection scheme is proposed to mitigate the rain effect. Firstly, each radar image is divided
into multiple sub-images, and the sub-images with relatively clear wave signatures are
identified based on a random-forest based classiffication model. Then, wave direction is estimated
by performing a Radon transform (RT) on each valid sub-image. As for wave period
estimation, a random-forest based regression method is proposed. Texture features are first
extracted from each pixel of the selected sub-image using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix
(GLCM) and combined as a feature vector. Those feature vectors extracted from both
rain-free and rain-contaminated training samples are then used to train a random-forest
based wave period regression model. Shore-based X-band marine radar images, simultaneous
rain rate data, as well as buoy-measured wave data collected on the West Coast of the
United States are used to analyze the rain effect on wave parameter estimation accuracy
and to validate the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed subimage
selection scheme improves the estimation accuracy of both wave direction and wave
period under different rain rates, with reductions of root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) by
6.9ďľź, 6.0ďľź, 4.9ďľź, and 1.0ďľź for wave direction under rainless, light rain, moderate rain, and
heavy rain conditions, respectively. As for wave period estimation, the RMSEs decrease by
0.13 s, 0.20 s, 0.30 s, and 0.20 s under those four rainfall intensity levels, respectively.
The second part of research focuses on the estimation of significant wave height (Hâ‚›).
A temporal convolutional network (TCN)-based model is proposed to retrieve Hâ‚› from X-band
marine radar image sequences. Three types of features are first extracted from radar
image sequences based on signal to noise ratio (SNR), ensemble empirical mode decomposition
(EEMD), and GLCM methods, respectively. Then, feature vectors are input into the
proposed TCN-based regression model to produce Hâ‚› estimation. Radar data are collected
from a moving vessel at the East Coast of Canada, as well as simultaneously collected wave
data from several wave buoys deployed nearby are used for model training and testing. After
averaging, experimental results show that the TCN-based model further improves the Hâ‚› estimation
accuracy, with reductions of RMSEs by 0.33 m and 0.10 m, respectively, compared
to the SNR-based and the EEMD-based linear fitting methods. It has also been found that
with the same feature extraction scheme, TCN outperforms other machine-learning based
algorithms including support vector regression (SVR) and the convolutional gated recurrent
unit (CGRU) network
A Novel Scheme for Extracting Sea Surface Wind Information From Rain-Contaminated X-Band Marine Radar Images
The presence of rain degrades the performance of sea surface parameter estimation using X-band marine radar. In this article, a novel scheme is proposed to improve wind measurement accuracy from rain-contaminated X-band marine radar data. After extracting texture features from each image pixel, the rain-contaminated regions with blurry wave signatures are first identified using a self-organizing map (SOM)-based clustering model. Then, a convolutional neural network used for image haze removal, i.e., DehazeNet is introduced and incorporated into the proposed scheme for correcting the influence of rain on radar images. In order to obtain wind direction information, curve fitting is conducted on the average azimuthal intensities of rain-corrected radar images. On the other hand, wind speed is estimated from rain-corrected images by training a support vector regression-based model. Experiments conducted using datasets from both shipborne and onshore marine radar show that compared to results obtained from images without rain correction, the proposed method achieves relatively high estimation accuracy by reducing measurement errors significantly
Evaluation and Mitigation of Rain Effect on Wave Direction and Period Estimation From X-Band Marine Radar Images
In this article, the accuracy of wave direction and period estimation from X-band marine radar images under different rain rates is analyzed, and a simple subimage selection scheme is proposed to mitigate the rain effect. First, each radar image is divided into multiple subimages, and the subimages with relatively clear wave signatures are identified based on the random-forest-based classification model. Then, wave direction is estimated by performing the Radon transform on each valid subimage. As for wave period estimation, a new method is proposed. Texture features are first extracted from each pixel of the selected subimage using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix and combined as a feature vector. Those feature vectors extracted from both rain-free and rain-contaminated training samples are then used to train a random-forest-based wave period regression model. The shore-based X-band marine radar images, simultaneous rain rate data, as well as buoy-measured wave data collected on the West Coast of the United States are used to analyze the rain effect on wave parameter estimation accuracy and validate the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed subimage selection scheme improves the estimation accuracy of both wave direction and wave period under different rain rates, with reductions of root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) by 6.9 ° , 6.0 ° , 4.9 ° , and 1.0 ° for wave direction under rainless, light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain conditions, respectively. As for wave period estimation, the RMSEs decrease by 0.13, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.20 s under those four rainfall intensity levels, respectively
Ocean wind and wave parameter estimation from ship-borne x-band marine radar data
Ocean wind and wave parameters are important for the study of oceanography, on- and
off-shore activities, and the safety of ship navigation. Conventionally, such parameters
have been measured by in-situ sensors such as anemometers and buoys. During the
last three decades, sea surface observation using X-band marine radar has drawn wide
attention since marine radars can image both temporal and spatial variations of the sea
surface. In this thesis, novel algorithms for wind and wave parameter retrieval from
X-band marine radar data are developed and tested using radar, anemometer, and buoy
data collected in a sea trial off the east coast of Canada in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Rain affects radar backscatter and leads to less reliable wind parameters measurements.
In this thesis, algorithms are developed to enable reliable wind parameters
measurements under rain conditions. Firstly, wind directions are extracted from raincontaminated
radar data using either a 1D or 2D ensemble empirical mode decomposition
(EEMD) technique and are seen to compare favourably with an anemometer reference.
Secondly, an algorithm based on EEMD and amplitude modulation (AM) analysis to
retrieve wind direction and speed from both rain-free and rain-contaminated X-band
marine radar images is developed and is shown to be an improvement over an earlier 1D
spectral analysis-based method.
For wave parameter measurements, an empirical modulation transfer function (MTF)
is required for traditional spectral analysis-based techniques. Moreover, the widely used
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based method for significant wave height (HS) estimation
may not always work well for a ship-borne X-band radar, and it requires external sensors
for calibration. In this thesis, two methods are first presented for HS estimation from
X-band marine radar data. One is an EEMD-based method, which enables satisfactory
HS measurements obtained from a ship-borne radar. The other is a modified shadowingbased
method, which enables HS measurements without the inclusion of external sensors.
Furthermore, neither method requires the MTF. Finally, an algorithm based on the Radon transform is proposed to estimate wave direction and periods from X-band marine radar
images with satisfactory results
Sea surface wind and wave parameter estimation from X-band marine radar images with rain detection and mitigation
In this research, the application of X-band marine radar backscatter images for sea surface
wind and wave parameter estimation with rain detection and mitigation is investigated.
In the presence of rain, the rain echoes in the radar image blur the wave signatures
and negatively affect estimation accuracy. Hence, in order to improve estimation accuracy,
it is meaningful to detect the presence of those rain echoes and mitigate their influence on
estimation results. Since rain alters radar backscatter intensity distribution, features are extracted
from the normalized histogram of each radar image. Then, a support vector machine
(SVM)-based rain detection model is proposed to classify radar images obtained between
rainless and rainy conditions. The classification accuracy shows significant improvement
compared to the existing threshold-based method. By further observing images obtained
under rainy conditions, it is found that many of them are only partially contaminated by rain
echoes. Therefore, in order to segment between rain-contaminated regions and those that
are less or unaffected by rain, two types of methods are developed based on unsupervised
learning techniques and convolutional neural network (CNN), respectively. Specifically, for
the unsupervised learning-based method, texture features are first extracted from each pixel
and then trained using a self organizing map (SOM)-based clustering model, which is able
to conduct pixel-based identification of rain-contaminated regions. As for the CNN-based
method, a SegNet-based semantic segmentation CNN is �rst designed and then trained using
images with manually annotated labels. Both shipborne and shore-based marine radar
data are used to train and validate the proposed methods and high classification accuracies
of around 90% are obtained.
Due to the similarities between how haze affects terrestrial images and how rain affects
marine radar images, a type of CNN for image dehazing purposes, i.e., DehazeNet, is
applied to rain-contaminated regions in radar images for correcting the in
uence of rain,
which reduces the estimation error of wind direction significantly. Besides, after extracting
histogram and texture features from rain-corrected radar images, a support vector regression
(SVR)-based model, which achieves high estimation accuracy, is trained for wind speed
estimation. Finally, a convolutional gated recurrent unit (CGRU) network is designed and
trained for significant wave height (SWH) estimation. As an end-to-end system, the proposed
network is able to generate estimation results directly from radar image sequences
by extracting multi-scale spatial and temporal features in radar image sequences automatically.
Compared to the classic signal-to-noise (SNR)-based method, the CGRU-based model
shows significant improvement in both estimation accuracy (under both rainless and rainy
conditions) and computational efficiency
Remote sensing in the coastal and marine environment. Proceedings of the US North Atlantic Regional Workshop
Presentations were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of Earth resources remote sensing including data sources and processing; (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment; (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities; and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the east coast and a concept for an east coast remote sensing facility. Also discussed were user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes
OIL SPILL ALONG THE TURKISH STRAITS SEA AREA; ACCIDENTS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND PROTECTION
The Turkish Straits Sea Area (TSSA) is a long water passage that is consisted of the Sea of Marmara, an inland sea within Turkey's borders, and two narrow straits connected to neighboring seas. With a strategic location between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and dominated by the continental climate, the region hosted many civilizations throughout the centuries. This makes the region among the busiest routes in the world, with sea traffic three times higher than that in the Suez Canal. The
straits are the most difficult waterways to navigate and witnessed many hazardous and
important collisions and accidents throughout history. In addition, this area has vital roles as a biological corridor and barrier among three distinctive marine realms. Therefore, the region is rather sensitive to damages of national and international maritime activities, which may cause severe environmental problems.
This book addresses several key questions on a chapter basis, including historical accidents, background information on main dynamic restrictions, oil pollution, oil spill detection, and clean-up recoveries, its impacts on biological communities, socioeconomic aspects, and subjects with international agreements. This book will help readers, public, local and governmental authorities gain a deeper understanding of the status of the oil spill, mostly due to shipping accidents, and their related impacts along the TSSA, which needs precautionary measures to be protected.CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I - HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS AND REGULATIONS
Remarkable Accidents at the Istanbul Strait
Hasan Bora USLUER and Saim OĞUZÜLGEN …………………………………...... 3
History of Regulations before Republican Era along the Turkish Straits Sea Area
Ali Umut ÜNAL …………………………………………………………………….. 16
Transition Regime in the Turkish Straits during the Republican Era
Osman ARSLAN ……….……………………………………………………….……26
26
The Montreux Convention and Effects at Turkish Straits
Oktay ÇETİN ………………………………………………………………….…….. 33
Evaluation of the Montreux Convention in the Light of Recent Problems
Ayşenur TÜTÜNCÜ ………………………………………………………………… 44
A Historical View on Technical Developments on Ships and Effects
of Turkish Straits
Murat YAPICI ………………………………………………………………………. 55
CHAPTER II - GEOGRAPHY, BATHYMETRY AND
HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Geographic and Bathymetric Restrictions along the Turkish Straits Sea Area
Bedri ALPAR, Hasan Bora USLUER and Şenol AYDIN ……………………..…… 61
Hydrodynamics and Modeling of Turkish Straits
Serdar BEJİ and Tarkan ERDİK ………………………………………………….… 79
Wave Climate in the Turkish Sea of Marmara
Tarkan ERDİK and Serdar BEJİ …………………………………………………..… 91
CHAPTER III - OIL POLLUTION, DETECTION AND RECOVERY
Oil Pollution at Sea and Coast Following Major Accidents
Selma ÜNLÜ ……………………………………………………………………….101
Forensic Fingerprinting in Oil-spill Source Identification at the Turkish Straits
Sea Area
Özlem ATEŞ DURU ……………………………………………………………… 121
xi
Oil Spill Detection Using Remote Sensing Technologies-Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR)
İbrahim PAPİLA, Elif SERTEL, Şinasi KAYA and Cem GAZİOĞLU ……..……. 140
The Role of SAR Remote Sensing to Detect Oil Pollution and Emergency Intervention
Saygın ABDIKAN, Çağlar BAYIK and Füsun BALIK ŞANLI ……….….……….. 157
Oil Spill Recovery and Clean-Up Techniques
Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………… 176
Turkish Strait Sea Area, Contingency Planning, Regulations and Case Studies
Emra KIZILAY, Mehtap AKBAŞ and Tahir Yavuz GEZBELİ …………………... 188
Dispersant Response Method to Incidental Oil Pollution
Dilek EDİGER, Leyla TOLUN and Fatma TELLİ KARAKOÇ ………………….... 205
CHAPTER IV - THE EFFECTS / IMPACTS OF OIL SPILL ON
BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES – INCLUDING SAMPLING
AND MONITORING
Marine Microorganisms and Oil Spill
Sibel ZEKİ and Pelin S. ÇİFTÇİ TÜRETKEN …………...………………………… 219
Estimated Effects of Oil Spill on the Phytoplankton Following “Volgoneft-248”
Accident (Sea of Marmara)
Seyfettin TAŞ ………………………………..…………………………………….... 229
Interactions between Zooplankton and Oil Spills: Lessons Learned from Global
Accidents and a Proposal for Zooplankton Monitoring
İ. Noyan YILMAZ and Melek İŞİNİBİLİR ……………………………………..….. 238
The Effects of Oil Spill on the Macrophytobenthic Communities
Ergün TAŞKIN and Barış AKÇALI …………………………….…………….……. 244
Potential Impacts of Oil Spills on Macrozoobenthos in the Turkish
Straits System
Güley KURT-ŞAHİN …………………………………………………………….… 253
The Anticipated Effects of Oil Spill on Fish Populations in Case of an Accident
along the Turkish Straits System – A review of Studies after Several Incidents
from the World
M. İdil ÖZ and Nazlı DEMİREL …………………………………………………….261
Estimated Impacts of an Oil Spill on Bird Populations along the Turkish
Straits System
Itri Levent ERKOL …………………………………………………………….…… 272
The Effect of Oil Spills on Cetaceans in the Turkish Straits System (TSS)
Ayaka Amaha ÖZTÜRK ………………………………………………………….. 277
Changes in the Ichthyoplankton and Benthos Assemblages following
Volgoneft-248 Oil Spill: Case Study
Ahsen YÜKSEK and Yaprak GÜRKAN …………………………………….……. 280
Assessing the Initial and Temporal Effects of a Heavy Fuel Oil Spill
on Benthic Fauna
Yaprak GÜRKAN, Ahsen YÜKSEK ………………………………………..…….. 287
CHAPTER V - SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Socio-economic Aspects of Oil Spill
Özlem ATEŞ DURU and Serap İNCAZ ……………………………………….…… 301
Effects of Oil Spill on Human Health
Türkan YURDUN ………………………………………………………………..…. 313
Crisis Management of Oil Spill, A Case Study: BP Gulf Mexico Oil Disaster
Serap İNCAZ and Özlem ATEŞ DURU …………………………….………….……324
CHAPTER VI - CONVENTIONS RELATING TO PREVENTION
OF OIL SPILL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil
(OILPOL), 1954 and its Situation Related with Turkey
Emre AKYÜZ, Metin ÇELİK and Ömer SÖNER …………………………...……... 334
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
Modified by the Protocol of 1978 Relating Thereto and by the Protocol of 1997
(MARPOL)
Özcan ARSLAN, Esma UFLAZ and Serap İNCAZ ………………………….……. 342
Applications of MARPOL Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Emre AKYÜZ, Özcan ASLAN and Serap İNCAZ ………………………………… 356
Ship Born Oil Pollution at the Turkish Straits Sea Area and MARPOL 73/78
Duygu ÜLKER and Sencer BALTAOĞLU………………………….…………….. 363
International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases
of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION 1969) and its Applications
Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Şebnem ERKEBAY ……………………………….……………………………….. 371
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and
Co-operation (OPRC) 1990 and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Kadir ÇİÇEK ………………………………………………………………………. 381
Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution
Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol)
and its Effects in Turkey
Aydın ŞIHMANTEPE and Cihat AŞAN ……………….…………………………. 392
The International Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE) 1989 Related with
Oil Spill in Turkey
İrşad BAYIRHAN ……………………………………….………………..……….. 408
CHAPTER VII - CONVENTIONS COVERING LIABILITY AND
COMPENSATION RELATED WITH OIL SPILL
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
(CLC), 1969 and its Applications
Serap İNCAZ and Pınar ÖZDEMİR ……………………………………..………… 416
1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of
an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
(FUND 1992) and its Applications Related with Oil Spill in Turkey
Ali Umut ÜNAL and Hasan Bora USLUER …………………………….………… 424
International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage
in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances
by Sea (HNS), 1996 (and its 2010 Protocol) and its Applications Related
with Oil Spill in Turkey
Bilun ELMACIOĞLU ……………………………………………………………… 437
Bunkering Incidents and Safety Practices in Turkey
Fırat BOLAT, Pelin BOLAT and Serap İNCAZ …………………………………... 447
"Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007" and
its Effects on Turkey
Şafak Ümit DENİZ and Serap İNCAZ ……………………….……………………. 457
GIS based models for optimisation of marine cage aquaculture in Tenerife, Canary Islands
This study focused on the optimisation of offshore marine fish-cage farming in
Tenerife, Canary Islands. The main objective was to select the most suitable sites
for offshore cage culture. This is a key factor in any aquaculture operation,
affecting both success and sustainability. Moreover, it can solve conflicts between
different coastal activities, making a rational use of the coastal space. Site
selection was achieved by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based
models and related technology, such as satellite images and Global Positioning
System (GPS), to support the decision-making process. Three different cage
systems were selected and proposed for different areas around Tenerife. Finally, a
particulate waste distribution model (uneaten feed and faeces) was developed,
also using GIS, for future prediction of the dispersive nature of selected sites. This
can reduce the number of sites previously identified as most suitable, by predicting
possible environmental impacts on the benthos if aquaculture was to be developed
on a specific site.
The framework for spatial multi-criteria decision analysis used in this study began
with a recognition and definition of the decision problem. Subsequently, 31
production functions (factors and constraints) were identified, defined and
subdivided into 8 sub-models. These sub-models were then integrated into a GIS
database in the form of thematic layers and later scored for standardization. At this
stage, the database was verified by field sampling to establish the quality of data
used. The decision maker's preferences were incorporated into the decision model
by assigning weights of relative importance to the evaluation under consideration.
These, together with the thematic layers, were integrated by using Multi-criteria
Evaluation (MCE) and simple overlays to provide an overall assessment of
possible alternatives. Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the
model robustness. The integration, manipulations and presentation of the results
by means of GIS-based models in this sequential and logical flow of steps proved
to be very effective for helping the decision-making process of site selection in
study. On the whole, this study revealed the usefulness of GIS as an aquaculture
planning and management tool.
Cage systems that can withstand harsh environments were found to be suitable
for use over a broader area of Tenerife's coastline. Thus, the more robust self-tensioned
cage (SeaStation®) could be used over a greater area than the weaker
gravity cages (Corelsa®). From the 228 km2 of available area for siting cages in the
coastal regions with depth of 50 m, the suitable area (sum of scores 6, 7 and 8) for
siting SeaStation® cages was 61 km2, while the suitable area for SeaStation® and
Corelsa® cages was 49 and 37 km2 respectively. Most of the variation between
these three cage systems was found among the intermediate suitability scores. It
was concluded that the biggest differences in suitable area among cage systems
are between Corelsa® and SeaStation® systems, followed by differences between
Corelsa® and OceanSpar® cages, and OceanSpar® and SeaStation® respectively.
This variability was mostly located on the N and NNW of the island, where waves,
both long and short-term, are higher
Maritime Moving Target Detection, Tracking and Geocoding Using Range-Compressed Airborne Radar Data
Eine regelmäßige und großflächige überwachung des Schiffsverkehrs gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, vor allem auch um maritime Gefahrenlagen und illegale Aktivitäten rechtzeitig zu erkennen. Heutzutage werden dafür überwiegend das automatische Identifikationssystem (AIS) und stationäre Radarstationen an den Küsten eingesetzt. Luft- und weltraumgestützte Radarsensoren, die unabhängig vom Wetter und Tageslicht Daten liefern, können die vorgenannten Systeme sehr gut ergänzen. So können sie beispielsweise Schiffe detektieren, die nicht mit AIS-Transpondern ausgestattet sind oder die sich außerhalb der Reichweite der stationären AIS- und Radarstationen befinden. Luftgestützte Radarsensoren ermöglichen eine quasi-kontinuierliche Beobachtung von räumlich begrenzten Gebieten. Im Gegensatz dazu bieten weltraumgestützte Radare eine große räumliche Abdeckung, haben aber den Nachteil einer geringeren temporalen Abdeckung.
In dieser Dissertation wird ein umfassendes Konzept für die Verarbeitung von Radardaten für die Schiffsverkehr-überwachung mit luftgestützten Radarsensoren vorgestellt. Die Hauptkomponenten dieses Konzepts sind die Detektion, das Tracking, die Geokodierung, die Bildgebung und die Fusion mit AIS-Daten. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurden neuartige Algorithmen für die ersten drei Komponenten entwickelt. Die Algorithmen sind so aufgebaut, dass sie sich prinzipiell für zukünftige Echtzeitanwendungen eignen, die eine Verarbeitung an Bord der Radarplattform erfordern. Darüber hinaus eignen sich die Algorithmen auch für beliebige, nicht-lineare Flugpfade der Radarplattform. Sie sind auch robust gegenüber Lagewinkeländerungen, die während der Datenerfassung aufgrund von Luftturbulenzen jederzeit auftreten können.
Die für die Untersuchungen verwendeten Daten sind ausschließlich entfernungskomprimierte Radardaten. Da das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis von Flugzeugradar-Daten im Allgemeinen sehr hoch ist, benötigen die neuentwickelten Algorithmen keine vollständig fokussierten Radarbilder. Dies reduziert die Gesamtverarbeitungszeit erheblich und ebnet den Weg für zukünftige Echtzeitanwendungen.
Der entwickelte neuartige Schiffsdetektor arbeitet direkt im Entfernungs-Doppler-Bereich mit sehr kurzen kohärenten Verarbeitungsintervallen (CPIs) der entfernungskomprimierten Radardaten. Aufgrund der sehr kurzen CPIs werden die detektierten Ziele im Dopplerbereich fokussiert abgebildet. Wenn sich die Schiffe zusätzlich mit einer bestimmten Radialgeschwindigkeit bewegen, werden ihre Signale aus dem Clutter-Bereich hinausgeschoben. Dies erhöht das Verhältnis von Signal- zu Clutter-Energie und verbessert somit die Detektierbarkeit. Die Genauigkeit der Detektion hängt stark von der Qualität der von der Meeresoberfläche rückgestreuten Radardaten ab, die für die Schätzung der Clutter-Statistik verwendet werden. Diese wird benötigt, um einen Detektions-Schwellenwert für eine konstante Fehlalarmrate (CFAR) abzuleiten und die Anzahl der Fehlalarme niedrig zu halten. Daher umfasst der vorgeschlagene Detektor auch eine neuartige Methode zur automatischen Extraktion von Trainingsdaten für die Statistikschätzung sowie geeignete Ozean-Clutter-Modelle.
Da es sich bei Schiffen um ausgedehnte Ziele handelt, die in hochauflösenden Radardaten mehr als eine Auflösungszelle belegen, werden nach der Detektion mehrere von einem Ziel stammende Pixel zu einem physischen Objekten zusammengefasst, das dann in aufeinanderfolgenden CPIs mit Hilfe eines Bewegungsmodells und eines neuen Mehrzielverfolgungs-Algorithmus (Multi-Target Tracking) getrackt wird. Während des Trackings werden falsche Zielspuren und Geisterzielspuren automatisch erkannt und durch ein leistungsfähiges datenbankbasiertes Track-Management-System terminiert.
Die Zielspuren im Entfernungs-Doppler-Bereich werden geokodiert bzw. auf den Boden projiziert, nachdem die Einfallswinkel (DOA) aller Track-Punkte geschätzt wurden. Es werden verschiedene Methoden zur Schätzung der DOA-Winkel für ausgedehnte Ziele vorgeschlagen und anhand von echten Radardaten, die Signale von echten Schiffen beinhalten, bewertet
Earth Resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 33
This bibliography list 436 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information System. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution sytems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis
- …