Agricultural Research Service research highlights in remote sensing for calendar year 1981

Selected examples of research accomplishments related to remote sensing are compiled. A brief statement is given to highlight the significant results of each research project. A list of 1981 publication and location contacts is given also. The projects cover emission and reflectance analysis, identification of crop and soil parameters, and the utilization of remote sensing data

Assessing simulation ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park

Glacier National Park served as a test site for ecosystem analyses that involved a suite of integrated models embedded within a geographic information system. The goal of the exercise was to provide managers with maps that could illustrate probable shifts in vegetation, net primary production (NPP), and hydrologic responses associated with two selected climatic scenarios. The climatic scenarios were (a) a recent 12-yr record of weather data, and (b) a reconstituted set that sequentially introduced in repeated 3-yr intervals wetter–cooler, drier–warmer, and typical conditions. To extrapolate the implications of changes in ecosystem processes and resulting growth and distribution of vegetation and snowpack, the model incorporated geographic data. With underlying digital elevation maps, soil depth and texture, extrapolated climate, and current information on vegetation types and satellite-derived estimates of leaf area indices, simulations were extended to envision how the park might look after 120 yr. The predictions of change included underlying processes affecting the availability of water and nitrogen. Considerable field data were acquired to compare with model predictions under current climatic conditions. In general, the integrated landscape models of ecosystem processes had good agreement with measured NPP, snowpack, and streamflow, but the exercise revealed the difficulty and necessity of averaging point measurements across landscapes to achieve comparable results with modeled values. Under the extremely variable climate scenario significant changes in vegetation composition and growth as well as hydrologic responses were predicted across the park. In particular, a general rise in both the upper and lower limits of treeline was predicted. These shifts would probably occur along with a variety of disturbances (fire, insect, and disease outbreaks) as predictions of physiological stress (water, nutrients, light) altered competitive relations and hydrologic responses. The use of integrated landscape models applied in this exercise should provide managers with insights into the underlying processes important in maintaining community structure, and at the same time, locate where changes on the landscape are most likely to occur

Animal water balance drives top-down effects in a riparian forest-implications for terrestrial trophic cascades

Despite the clear importance of water balance to the evolution of terrestrial life, much remains unknown about the effects of animal water balance on food webs. Based on recent research suggesting animal water imbalance can increase trophic interaction strengths in cages, we hypothesized that water availability could drive top-down effects in open environments, influencing the occurrence of trophic cascades. We manipulated large spider abundance and water availability in 20 × 20 m open-air plots in a streamside forest in Arizona, USA, and measured changes in cricket and small spider abundance and leaf damage. As expected, large spiders reduced both cricket abundance and herbivory under ambient, dry conditions, but not where free water was added. When water was added (free or within moist leaves), cricket abundance was unaffected by large spiders, but spiders still altered herbivory, suggesting behavioural effects. Moreover, we found threshold-type increases in herbivory at moderately low soil moisture (between 5.5% and 7% by volume), suggesting the possibility that water balance may commonly influence top-down effects. Overall, our results point towards animal water balance as an important driver of direct and indirect species interactions and food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems

Conservation of Terrestrial Salamanders Through Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Management in Eastern Hemlock Forests within Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; HWA), an invasive aphid-like arthropod, was first documented on the east coast of the United States in the 1950s. HWA is an herbivore which primarily feeds at the needle base of hemlock tree species (Pinaceae: Tsuga). With no evolutionary defenses and few biotic controls, the eastern and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga canadensis and Tsuga carolinensis) serve as the primary diet of HWA in eastern North America. The invasive pest began to spread rapidly throughout the hemlock’s range causing defoliation and death of the trees within 4 – 10 years. With the loss of the foundational species, Tsuga canadensis, several microenvironmental changes were documented. Microenvironmental changes in response to biological invasions and anthropogenic forestry practices can lead to shifts in populations of physiologically sensitive taxa such as salamanders and their prey, terrestrial arthropods. National Park Service staff at Great Smoky Mountains National Park manage HWA by treating eastern hemlocks with the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and dinotefuran. To measure indirect effects of eastern hemlock mortality, and HWA management, this study measured several parameters in hemlock-dominated stands that have been repeatedly treated by the NPS and stands which were untreated and where hemlock woolly adelgid has reduced the hemlock canopy. Our major objectives were to assess microenvironmental and vegetative community differences between managed and un-managed eastern hemlock stands and analyze those differences with respect to arthropod and woodland salamander abundance and/or diversity. A mixed effects ANOVA was used to compare mean soil organic matter (or duff) pH, substrate volumetric water content, vegetative litter depth, temperature, and arthropod diversity and abundance between managed and un-managed stands. A mixed effects linear model using elevation range as a random effect or block was used to model salamander abundance with the aforementioned continuous variables. While the microenvironmental parameters were not significantly different between stand types, order-level richness of arthropods, and woodland salamander abundance did significantly differ (α = 0.05). According to the linear mixed effects model, substrate moisture and forest management were the strongest predictors of salamander abundance (α = 0.05)

Improving estimation of gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems

The MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides an unprecedented opportunity to monitor and quantify seasonal changes of vegetation and phenology. MODIS has the potential to improve the estimation, which is based on the algorithms for the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), of biophysical/biochemical variables of vegetation. My doctoral study improves estimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) through two aspects: first, my study improved the detection of vegetation phenology by distinguishing MODIS contaminated observations and contamination-free observations, and secondly, I inverted the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by chlorophyll using radiative transfer models and daily MODIS data. My dissertation has five aspects: (1) to develop a procedure to distinguish atmospherically contaminated observations, snow contaminated observations and contamination-free observations; (2) to monitor vegetation phenology using reflectance of the seven MODIS spectral bands for land and relative vegetation indices; (3) to clarify the concepts of fractions of PAR absorbed by canopy, leaf and chlorophyll; (4) to explore the potential of estimating the fractions of PAR absorbed at different scales; and (5) to check if vegetation seasonal MODIS spectral variations during plant growing season are only due to vegetation\u27s anisotropic nature. A procedure to extract contamination-free daily MODIS observations is proposed and developed. It has been employed for the Harvard Forest site, the Howland Forest site, the Walker Branch Watershed Forest site, the km67 Forest site in tropic, a soybean site in Nebraska, the Xilingol grassland site in China, the Bartlett Experimental Forest site, and two broadleaf deciduous forest sites in Missouri. The extracted MODIS signals (reflectance and vegetation indices) provide rich information for interpretation. The richness of information from the results goes beyond the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI). The more precise phenology information can be used for seasonal GPP estimation. The concepts of fractions of PAR absorbed by canopy, leaf and chlorophyll are described. I extracted fraction of PAR absorbed by chlorophyll for the Harvard Forest site, the Bartlett Experimental Forest site and the two deciduous broadleaf forest sites in Missouri using a coupled canopy-leaf radiative transfer model and daily MODIS data. Metropolis algorithm is used to invert the variables in the radiative transfer model. It provides posterior distributions for individual variables. Some of the inverted variables have been partly evaluated though validation for all variables is extremely expensive. Using the values of inverted variables of the two forest sites in Missouri, I calculated reflectance for the seven MODIS spectral ranges with real MODIS viewing geometries through whole growing season. I found that there should be other factors, except vegetation\u27s anisotropic nature, due to seasonal MODIS spectral variations of the forests during the plant growing season. My study suggests that in addition to measurements of canopy-level variables (e.g., LAI), field measurements of leaf-level variables (e.g., chlorophyll, other pigments, leaf dry matter, and leaf water content) will be useful for both remote sensing and ecological research

Shrubs in the cold : interactions between vegetation, permafrost and climate in Siberian tundra

The Arctic is experiencing strong increases in air temperature during the last decades. High-latitude tundra regions are very responsive to changes in temperature and may cause a shift in tundra vegetation composition towards greater dominance of deciduous shrubs. With increasing deciduous shrub cover, the surface albedo (proportion of sunlight that is reflected to the atmosphere) may be reduced and lead to air warming by trapping more solar radiation into the Arctic ecosystem. As a result of this warming, thawing of carbon-rich permafrost soils may increase and cause a large greenhouse gas flux to the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming. In my thesis I studied how climate influences shrub growth in the Siberian tundra and how climate-induced changes in shrub cover affect summer permafrost thaw and surface albedo. I investigated these interactions between climate, permafrost and Arctic shrub growth using a combination of shrub ring width analysis, field experiments and remote sensing techniques. I measured and compared growth ring widths with meteorological station data and observed that shrub growth is stimulated by higher summer air temperatures. By performing a shrub removal experiment, I demonstrated that a temperature-induced increase in shrub cover may reduce summer permafrost thaw. Shading by the shrub canopy reduced the transfer of energy to the soil. A denser shrub cover thus effectively reduces summer permafrost thaw, despite leading at the same time to a lower surface albedo. These results indicate it is important to incorporate feedbacks between shrub growth, climate and permafrost thaw in model predictions on the Arctic climate and stability of permafrost in a future warmer world. </p

Root traits predict decomposition across a landscape-scale grazing experiment

Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Woodland Trust for maintenance of and access to the Glen Finglas experiment. We thank Debbie Fielding, William Smith, Sarah McCormack, Allan Sim, Marcel Junker and Elaine Runge for help in the field and the laboratory. This research was part of the Glen Finglas project (formerly Grazing and Upland Birds (GRUB)) funded by the Scottish Government (RERAS). S.W.S. was funded by a BBSRC studentship.Peer reviewedPublisher PD