16 research outputs found
Verkko vihan vaÌlineenaÌ : Systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus internetistaÌ vihapuheen kanavana
Vihapuhe on ollut osa yhteiskuntaa jo kauan ennen internetin aikakautta, mutta internet ja sen sosiaaliset verkkoyhteisoÌt ovat mahdollistaneet vihapuheelle taÌysin uudenlaisen kasvualustan. Vaikka vihapuhe on terminaÌ ja kaÌsitteenaÌ ollut viime vuosina aktiivisesti esillaÌ julkisessa keskustelussa, sille ei ole olemassa yhtenevaÌaÌ vakiintunutta maÌaÌritelmaÌaÌ. Euroopan neuvoston ministerikomitean suosituksen mukaan vihapuheeksi maÌaÌritellaÌaÌn kaikki ilmaisumuodot, jotka levittaÌvaÌt, lietsovat, edistaÌvaÌt tai oikeuttavat etnistaÌ vihaa, ulkomaalaisvastaisuutta, antisemitismiaÌ tai muuta suvaitsemattomuuteen pohjautuvaa vihaa.
Vihapuhe on kautta aikojen hyoÌdyntaÌnyt kaÌytettaÌvissaÌ olevia sekaÌ uusia viestintaÌvaÌlineitaÌ ja taÌnaÌ paÌivaÌnaÌ vihapuhe korostuu erityisesti internetissaÌ ja sosiaalisessa mediassa. TaÌmaÌn tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia, mitkaÌ osatekijaÌt vaikuttavat internetin ja sen tarjoamien palvelujen suosioon vihapuheen kanavana. Tutkimus on toteutettu systemaattisena kirjallisuuskatsauksena internetin vihapuhetta kaÌsittelevaÌstaÌ aiemmasta kansainvaÌlisestaÌ tutkimuksesta. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu yhteensaÌ 26 internetin vihapuhetta kaÌsittelevaÌstaÌ artikkelista. Aineisto keraÌttiin systemaattisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen menetelmaÌn avulla kolmesta elektronisesta tietokannasta sekaÌ viitehakuna valituista artikkeleista. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen aineisto analysoitiin aineistolaÌhtoÌisen sisaÌlloÌnanalyysin avulla, jota ohjasivat tutkimukselle asetetut kysymykset.
Tutkimusaineistosta tunnistettiin seitsemaÌn sisaÌistaÌ sekaÌ kahdeksan ulkoista tekijaÌaÌ, jotka vaikuttavat internetin suosioon vihapuheen kanavana. Internetin sisaÌisinaÌ ominaispiirteinaÌ tunnistettiin yhteisoÌllisyys, anonymiteetti, naÌkymaÌttoÌmyys, globaali ympaÌristoÌ, tavoitettavuus, liikkuvuus ja vaÌlittoÌmyys. Ulkoisina tekijoÌinaÌ puolestaan vaikuttivat puutteellinen valvonta, sosiaaliset mallit, normatiivisuus, sosioekonomiset tekijaÌt, kustannustekijaÌt, verkkovihan naÌkeminen, verkkovihan uhriksi joutuminen sekaÌ kaÌyttaÌjaÌn sukupuoli.
Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ettaÌ internet itsessaÌaÌn ei ole syy vihapuheelle, mutta siihen liittyvaÌt sisaÌiset ominaisuudet sekaÌ ulkoiset osatekijaÌt luovat siitaÌ otollisen kanavan vihapuheen tuottamiseen ja jakamiseen. Vihapuheen taustalla vaikuttavien osatekijoÌiden tunnistaminen mahdollistaa tehokkaamman puuttumisen vihapuheeseen
NĂ€that och demokratiskt deltagande â en kunskapsöversikt
RĂ€tten att uttrycka Ă„sikter, att kritisera och att ifrĂ„gasĂ€tta Ă€r en del av enlevande demokrati. Ett demokratiskt samhĂ€lle mĂ„ste vara öppet för olikaröster och ge alla möjlighet att komma till tals. Demokratin Ă€r beroendeav att mĂ€nniskor deltar och engagerar sig i samhĂ€llsfrĂ„gor. Med rĂ€ttentill yttrandefrihet kommer ocksĂ„ ett ansvar. Var och en bör skydda, vĂ€rnaoch bevara yttrandefriheten genom att respektera andra och bidra till ensamhĂ€llsdebatt fri frĂ„n hot och hat. Tystas mĂ€nniskor tystnar demokratin.Den digitala utvecklingen gör det möjligt för fler att göra sin röst hörd. Det Ă€rpositivt men för ocksĂ„ med sig utmaningar. Att föra fram och sprida hot ochhat har blivit enklare. Uttalanden kan fĂ„ snabb spridning i sociala medier ochpĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt fĂ„ större genomslagskraft i dag Ă€n tidigare. Det kan missbrukas avpersoner som inte vill bevara det demokratiska samhĂ€llet.Personer som engagerar sig i samhĂ€llsfrĂ„gor Ă€r sĂ€rskilt utsatta för hotoch hat. Det gĂ€ller till exempel förtroendevalda, journalister, konstnĂ€rer,opinionsbildare, forskare och representanter för det civila samhĂ€llet. Utsatthetkan ocksĂ„ vara kopplat till exempelvis en persons kön, könsidentitet, hudfĂ€rg,sexuella lĂ€ggning eller Ă„lder. NĂ€r kvinnor och hbtqi-personer fĂ„r hot och hatriktat mot sig har det ofta att göra med kön och sexualitet.PĂ„ uppdrag av Brottsoffermyndigheten har forskare vid Lunds universitetoch Högskolan i Halmstad genomfört en enkĂ€tundersökning som visadeatt mer Ă€n hĂ€lften av de tillfrĂ„gade har kĂ€nt sig krĂ€nkta av sĂ„dant som andraskriver om dem pĂ„ nĂ€tet. SĂ€rskilt utsatta Ă€r unga och personer med utlĂ€ndskbakgrund, och följden blir omfattande nivĂ„er av sjĂ€lvcensur bland dessagrupper. Det innebĂ€r att de anpassar hur de uttrycker sig för att undvika hotoch hat, eller helt avstĂ„r frĂ„n att publicera och delta i samhĂ€llsdebatten. Detdemokratiska samtalet begrĂ€nsas och viktiga röster riskerar att tystna.Ăven denna kunskapsöversikt Ă€r ett resultat av samarbetet mellan Brottsoffer- myndigheten, Lunds universitet och Högskolan i Halmstad. Den belyser olika frĂ„gor om nĂ€that och demokratiskt deltagande, sĂ„som vilka omrĂ„den som genererar hot och hat, vilka samhĂ€lls- och yrkesgrupper som Ă€r sĂ€rskilt utsatta och vilka konsekvenser nĂ€that leder till
Towards a National Security Analysis Approach via Machine Learning and Social Media Analytics
Various severe threats at national and international level, such as health crises, radicalisation, or organised crime, have the potential of unbalancing a nation's stability. Such threats impact directly on elements linked to people's security, known in the literature as human security components. Protecting the citizens from such risks is the primary objective of the various organisations that have as their main objective the protection of the legitimacy, stability and security of the state.
Given the importance of maintaining security and stability, governments across the globe have been developing a variety of strategies to diminish or negate the devastating effects of the aforementioned threats. Technological progress plays a pivotal role in the evolution of these strategies. Most recently, artificial intelligence has enabled the examination of large volumes of data and the creation of bespoke analytical tools that are able to perform complex tasks towards the analysis of multiple scenarios, tasks that would usually require significant amounts of human resources.
Several research projects have already proposed and studied the use of artificial intelligence to analyse crucial problems that impact national security components, such as violence or ideology. However, the focus of all this prior research was examining isolated components. However, understanding national security issues requires studying and analysing a multitude of closely interrelated elements and constructing a holistic view of the problem.
The work documented in this thesis aims at filling this gap. Its main contribution is the creation of a complete pipeline for constructing a big picture that helps understand national security problems. The proposed pipeline covers different stages and begins with the analysis of the unfolding event, which produces timely detection points that indicate that society might head toward a disruptive situation. Then, a further examination based on machine learning techniques enables the interpretation of an already confirmed crisis in terms of high-level national security concepts.
Apart from using widely accepted national security theoretical constructions developed over years of social and political research, the second pillar of the approach is the modern computational paradigms, especially machine learning and its applications in natural language processing
The Straightedge Subculture on the Internet: A Case Study
This dissertation is a case study analysis of the straightedge youth subculture on an Internet bulletin board system (forum), located on the worldwide web between September 2001 and May 2003. Ethnographic methods, including participant observation, e-focus groups, in-depth interviews, and qualitative content analysis are used to collect relevant data. Concepts from subcultural theory, identity and social identity/categorization theory are used throughout my analysis of the Straight Edge Discussion Forum to highlight cultural and social-psychological aspects of subculturally-based behavior and identity. Substantive chapters are divided as follows. First, the types of subcultural information available to subculture members and visitors of the straightedge website under investigation are described. Second, data are presented to demonstrate how three subcultural processes â style displays, affiliation, and boundary maintenance â occur through textual interaction in the forum. Third, I demonstrate that straightedge subculture is not comprised of a homogenous group, but rather of different member types. These member types are based on whether one uses the Internet to supplement participation in face-to-face straightedge culture versus reliance on the Internet as the sole means of subcultural participation. Fourth, subcultural norms are shown to be negotiated and contested through textual interaction between forum participants. The analysis informs sociological knowledge in three areas. It provides more detailed knowledge of straightedge by deconstructing the taken-for-granted meanings attached to subcultural norms. It suggests that the Internet serves as both medium and resource for subculturalists. Lastly, it shows how identity theory and social identity/categorization theories can be used in tandem to better illuminate subcultural identity processes