Perubahan Spatio-temporal B-value Gempa Mikro Di Lapangan Panasbumi X

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai karakteristik gempa mikro di lapangan panasbumi X. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik gempa mikro terkait dengan variasi spatio-temporal parameter b-value. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder milik PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy sebanyak 138 kejadian gempa mikro yang terjadi selama periode 2013-2014. Perhitungan parameter b-valuedilakukan dengan metode maximum likelihood di program ZMAP dengan analisa variasi secara spasial dan temporal. Hasil perhitungan b-value di lapangan panasbumi X cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 1 – 3 dan mengindikasikan bahwa keadaan batuan daerah penelitian heterogen serta cenderung tidak mengakumulasikan stress sehingga banyak gempa mikro yang terjadi. Variasi spasial b-value menunjukkan bahwa di sekitar sumur injeksi b-value cenderung tinggi (1.9 – 2.1) akibat peningkatan tekanan dibandingkan dengan di area sumur produksi dengan b-value 1.6 – 1.8. Variasi temporal b-valuemenunjukkan dua pola seismisitas di lapangan panasbumi X yaitu penurunan b-value diikuti dengan gempa berukuran besar (bulan April, Agustus, September dan Desember 2013 serta Februari 2014) serta ketika b-value meningkat banyak gempa mikro yang terjadi (bulan April 2013 serta Januari dan April 2014)

Inter-temporal variations in the value of time

INTRODUCTION The objective of the research reported here is to examine how the value of time varies over time. A key factor in inter-temporal variations in the value of time is expected to be the impact of income growth, although changes in other socio-economic, demographic, attitudinal, employment and travel characteristics could also lead to variations in the value of time over time. The most widely held convention relating to the adjustment of recommended values of time over time is that they should be linked proportionately to growth in some measure of income. No consideration is given to possible changes in the value of time for other reasons. Even disregarding the latter issue, there is no reason from a theoretical standpoint why the income elasticity for private travel should be unity since it is a matter of personal preference how an individual or household allocates additional income to time savings. In contrast, the case for a close link between the value of time and income is much stronger for business travel. Official recommendations in Britain, as elsewhere, increase the value of non-work travel time over time in line with growth in income. DETR’s Transport Economics Note specifies that both work and non-work time values should be increased in line with real GDP per head. Beesley (1971) pointed out various sources of variation in the value of time over time and, on the basis of the uncertainty as to even the direction in which the values might vary, he argued for in favour of a zero trend value. The first British national value of time study (MVA et al., 1987) claimed that a constant real value of time was on theoretical grounds “equally logical and defensible” as the convention of linking the value of time to income growth. However, it was recognised that there did seem to have been an increase in the value of time over time. It was concluded that, “We do not feel able, therefore, in the absence of any specific work on this topic within our programme, and given the existence of plausible arguments in contrary directions, to come to any firm conclusions. The matter must remain on the agenda for further investigation”. A large amount of recent evidence, which we shall cover, is being taken to indicate that the income elasticity for the value of time spent in private travel is far less than unity. It is important that such a challenge to the widely used convention is tested against the widest body of evidence possible before any conclusions are drawn, particularly given the implications of amended recommendations for practical project evaluations. The aim of this paper is to review the existing evidence relevant to inter-temporal variations in the value of time and to present some fresh empirical evidence. The approach adopted here is threefold. Firstly, we examine the cross-sectional variations in the value of time with income apparent from a number of empirical studies, both British and from other countries, and we develop a model to explain cross-sectional income elasticities across British studies. Secondly, the opportunity exists of analysing two data sets obtained from the same SP design conducted in the same area but at different points in time. Finally, variations in values of time over time are analysed by means of ‘meta-analysis’ of a large data set of British empirical evidence. The structure of this report is as follows. Section 2 contains a discussion of various background issues relating to theoretical maters, methodology and previous findings. Section 3 reports analysis of cross-sectional variations in values of time with income whilst section 4 reports on joint analysis of two data sets collected in the first and second national value of time studies commissioned by the Department of Transport. Section 5 reports the findings of our meta-analysis of a large body of British evidence on the value of time. A discussion of the various findings is provided in section 6 and concluding remarks are provided in section 7. The final stage of the study will draw together this evidence to form recommendations concerning the value of time over time

Temporal difference learning with interpolated table value functions

This paper introduces a novel function approximation architecture especially well suited to temporal difference learning. The architecture is based on using sets of interpolated table look-up functions. These offer rapid and stable learning, and are efficient when the number of inputs is small. An empirical investigation is conducted to test their performance on a supervised learning task, and on themountain car problem, a standard reinforcement learning benchmark. In each case, the interpolated table functions offer competitive performance. ©2009 IEEE

Robustness Analysis for Value-Freezing Signal Temporal Logic

In our previous work we have introduced the logic STL*, an extension of Signal Temporal Logic (STL) that allows value freezing. In this paper, we define robustness measures for STL* by adapting the robustness measures previously introduced for Metric Temporal Logic (MTL). Furthermore, we present an algorithm for STL* robustness computation, which is implemented in the tool Parasim. Application of STL* robustness analysis is demonstrated on case studies.Comment: In Proceedings HSB 2013, arXiv:1308.572

A Non-Principal Value Prescription for the Temporal Gauge

A non-principal value prescription is used to define the spurious singularities of Yang-Mills theory in the temporal gauge. Typical one-loop dimensionally-regularized temporal-gauge integrals in the prescription are explicitly calculated, and a regularization for the spurious gauge divergences is introduced. The divergent part of the one-loop self-energy is shown to be local and has the same form as that in the spatial axial gauge with the principal-value prescription. The renormalization of the theory is also briefly mentioned.Comment: 13 pages, NCKU-HEP/93-0

Temporal variability in moral value judgement

Moral judgments are known to change in response to changes in external conditions. But how variable are moral judgments over time in the absence of environmental variation? The moral domain has been described in terms of five moral foundations, categories that appear to capture moral judgment across cultures. We examined the temporal consistency of repeated responses to the moral foundations questionnaire over short time periods, fitted a set of mixed effects models to the data and compared them. We found correlations between changes in participant responses for different foundations over time, suggesting a structure with at least two underlying stochastic processes: one for moral judgments involving harm and fairness, and another for moral judgments related to loyalty, authority, and purit

Hybrid SAT-Based Consistency Checking Algorithms for Simple Temporal Networks with Decisions

A Simple Temporal Network (STN) consists of time points modeling temporal events and constraints modeling the minimal and maximal temporal distance between them. A Simple Temporal Network with Decisions (STND) extends an STN by adding decision time points to model temporal plans with decisions. A decision time point is a special kind of time point that once executed allows for deciding a truth value for an associated Boolean proposition. Furthermore, STNDs label time points and constraints by conjunctions of literals saying for which scenarios (i.e., complete truth value assignments to the propositions) they are relevant. Thus, an STND models a family of STNs each obtained as a projection of the initial STND onto a scenario. An STND is consistent if there exists a consistent scenario (i.e., a scenario such that the corresponding STN projection is consistent). Recently, a hybrid SAT-based consistency checking algorithm (HSCC) was proposed to check the consistency of an STND. Unfortunately, that approach lacks experimental evaluation and does not allow for the synthesis of all consistent scenarios. In this paper, we propose an incremental HSCC algorithm for STNDs that (i) is faster than the previous one and (ii) allows for the synthesis of all consistent scenarios and related early execution schedules (offline temporal planning). Then, we carry out an experimental evaluation with KAPPA, a tool that we developed for STNDs. Finally, we prove that STNDs and disjunctive temporal networks (DTNs) are equivalent

What happens in recessions? A value-theoretic approach to Liquidity Preference

This paper develops the paper entitled ‘‘Time, the Value of Money and the Quantification of Value’ which was presented at the conference of the Middle East Technical University in September 1998. It presents the case for a value-theoretic treatment of liquidity preference in axiomatic form, based on a temporal analysis. It discusses why temporal analysis is universally excluded from economic discourse. It argues that economic thought is divided not by the schism between classical and marginal, but the chasm between time and equilibrium. This divide is found in more or less every branch and every period in the history of economic thought; the classical variant of equilibrium appeared as Say’s Law, while the Austrians tried to become the temporal variant of marginalism. It suggests that the ‘Weintraub-Davidson-Eichner’ project is an attempt to identify what ‘temporalist’ approaches have in common. It argues there is a new element to this project, namely the growing body of evidence that Marx, too, was a temporalist, and that the temporal interpretation of Marx has more in common with Post-Keynesianism than it has with the rest of Marxism.Liquidity; Value; Quantification; MELT; MEL; Money; Labour; Marx; TSSI; TemporalismLiquidity, Value, Quantification, MELT, MEL, Money, Labour, Marx, TSSI, Temporalism