1,871 research outputs found
FluxSat: measuring the ocean-atmosphere turbulent exchange of heat and moisture from space
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gentemann, C. L., Clayson, C. A., Brown, S., Lee, T., Parfitt, R., Farrar, J. T., Bourassa, M., Minnett, P. J., Seo, H., Gille, S. T., & Zlotnicki, V. FluxSat: measuring the ocean-atmosphere turbulent exchange of heat and moisture from space. Remote Sensing, 12(11), (2020): 1796, doi:10.3390/rs12111796.Recent results using wind and sea surface temperature data from satellites and high-resolution coupled models suggest that mesoscale oceanâatmosphere interactions affect the locations and evolution of storms and seasonal precipitation over continental regions such as the western US and Europe. The processes responsible for this coupling are difficult to verify due to the paucity of accurate airâsea turbulent heat and moisture flux data. These fluxes are currently derived by combining satellite measurements that are not coincident and have differing and relatively low spatial resolutions, introducing sampling errors that are largest in regions with high spatial and temporal variability. Observational errors related to sensor design also contribute to increased uncertainty. Leveraging recent advances in sensor technology, we here describe a satellite mission concept, FluxSat, that aims to simultaneously measure all variables necessary for accurate estimation of oceanâatmosphere turbulent heat and moisture fluxes and capture the effect of oceanic mesoscale forcing. Sensor design is expected to reduce observational errors of the latent and sensible heat fluxes by almost 50%. FluxSat will improve the accuracy of the fluxes at spatial scales critical to understanding the coupled oceanâatmosphere boundary layer system, providing measurements needed to improve weather forecasts and climate model simulations.C.L.G. was funded by NASA grant 80NSSC18K0837. C.A.C. was funded by NASA grants 80NSSC18K0778 and 80NSSC20K0662. J.T.F. was funded by NASA grants NNX17AH54G, NNX16AH76G, and 80NSSC19K1256. S.T.G. was funded by the National Science Foundation grant PLR-1425989 and by the NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team grant 80NSSC19K0059. M.B. was funded in part by the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division, Climate Program Office (FundRef number 100007298), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and by the NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team grant through NASA/JPL. H.S. was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA19OAR4310376 and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Elements of Ocean Mesoscale Eddy-Atmosphere Interactions in Extratropics
As resolution of observations and climate models continues to improve, it has
become increasingly evident that mesoscale eddies â a ubiquitous feature of the world
ocean â can interact with the overlying atmosphere, potentially affecting large-scale
atmospheric and oceanic circulation and climate. Improving our understanding of this
ocean mesoscale eddy â atmosphere (OME-A) interaction has important implications for
improving climate simulations and predictions. This dissertation contributes to this
understanding by focusing on two elements of OME-A interaction.
The first element deals with the influence of ocean mesoscale eddies on rainfall.
By comparing three different satellite-derived rainfall datasets, we examined the
robustness of the rainfall response to ocean eddy induced mesoscale sea-surface
temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The three datasets are the Tropical Rainfall
Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), NOAA
Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Morphing Technique (CMORPH) global precipitation
and newly available Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation
Measurement (IMERG) that is based on the latest remote sensing technology with finer
spatial and temporal resolution. The results show that 1) all datasets exhibit a similar
rainfall response to ocean eddies, but the amplitude of the rainfall response varies among
datasets with IMERG producing the strongest and most coherent rainfall response,
despite the weakest time-mean rainfall, 2) eddy-induced precipitation response is
significantly stronger in winter than in summer and over warm eddies than cold eddies,
and these asymmetries in rainfall response is more robust in IMERG than in the other two
datasets. Documenting and analyzing these asymmetric rainfall responses are important
for understanding the potential role of ocean eddies in forcing the large-scale atmospheric
circulation and climate.
The second element examines the effect of OME-A interaction on ocean eddy
wind power that plays a vital role in dissipating eddy kinetic energy (EKE). By using a
scaling analysis and analyzing eddy-resolving coupled climate model simulations, we not
only quantify the impact of OME-A interaction on eddy wind power, but also provide a
mechanistic understanding of the underlying process. Results show that the impact of
OME-A feedback on eddy wind power, albeit smaller than that due to ocean current
feedback, is significant and amounts to about 30-40% reduction of the value without
OME-A interaction. Therefore, in the absence of OME-A interaction, eddy wind power is
significantly overestimated, thus providing a too-strong sink for EKE
Meteorological satellite accomplishments
The various types of meteorological satellites are enumerated. Vertical sounding, parameter extraction technique, and both macroscale and mesoscale meteorological phenomena are discussed. The heat budget of the earth-atmosphere system is considered, along with ocean surface and hydrology
The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris
Marine plastic debris floating on the ocean surface is a major environmental problem. However, its distribution in the ocean is poorly mapped, and most of the plastic waste estimated to have entered the ocean from land is unaccounted for. Better understanding of how plastic debris is transported from coastal and marine sources is crucial to quantify and close the global inventory of marine plastics, which in turn represents critical information for mitigation or policy strategies. At the same time, plastic is a unique tracer that provides an opportunity to learn more about the physics and dynamics of our ocean across multiple scales, from the Ekman convergence in basin-scale gyres to individual waves in the surfzone. In this review, we comprehensively discuss what is known about the different processes that govern the transport of floating marine plastic debris in both the open ocean and the coastal zones, based on the published literature and referring to insights from neighbouring fields such as oil spill dispersion, marine safety recovery, plankton connectivity, and others. We discuss how measurements of marine plastics (both in situ and in the laboratory), remote sensing, and numerical simulations can elucidate these processes and their interactions across spatio-temporal scales
Southern Ocean warming: Increase in basal melting and grounded ice loss
We apply a global finite element sea ice/ice shelf/ocean model (FESOM) to the Antarctic marginal seas to analyze projections of ice shelf basal melting in a warmer climate. The model is forced with the atmospheric output from two climate models: (1) the Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadCM3) and (2) Max Planck Instituteâs ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Results from their 20th-century simulations are used to evaluate the modeled present-day ocean state. Sea-ice coverage is largely realistic in both simulations. Modeled ice shelf basal melt rates compare well with observations in both cases, but are consistently smaller for ECHAM5/MPI-OM. Projections for future ice shelf basal melting are computed using atmospheric output for IPCC scenarios E1 and A1B. While trends in sea ice coverage, ocean heat content, and ice shelf basal melting are small in simulations forced with ECHAM5 data, a substantial shift towards a warmer regime is found in experiments forced with HadCM3 output. A strong sensitivity of basal melting to increased ocean temperatures is found for the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea. For the cold-water ice shelves in the Ross and Weddell Seas,decreasing convection on the continental shelf in the HadCM3 scenarios leads to an erosion of the continental slope front and to warm water of open ocean origin entering the continental shelf. As this water reaches deep into the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) cavity, basal melting increases by a factor of three to six compared to the present value of about 100 Gt/yr. Highest melt rates at the deep FRIS grounding line causes a retreat of > 200km, equivalent to an land ice loss of 110 Gt/yr
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