Effective Detection of Parkinson’s Disease at Different Stages using Measurements of Dysphonia

This paper addressees the problem of multiclass of Parkinson’s disease by the characteristic features of person’s voice. So we computed 22 dysphonia measures from 375 voice samples of healthy and people suffer from PD. We used the particle swarm optimization (PSO) feature selection method, with random forest and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) along with the 4-fold cross validation analysis to classify the subjects in 4 classes according to the severity of symptoms. With a classification accuracy score of 95.2%. Promisingly, the proposed diagnosis system might serve as a powerful tool for diagnosing PD, and could also extended for other voice pathologies

Assessing Parkinson’s Disease at Scale Using Telephone-Recorded Speech:Insights from the Parkinson’s Voice Initiative

Numerous studies have reported on the high accuracy of using voice tasks for the remote detection and monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Most of these studies, however, report findings on a small number of voice recordings, often collected under acoustically controlled conditions, and therefore cannot scale at large without specialized equipment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of using voice as a population-based PD screening tool in resource-constrained settings. Using the standard telephone network, we processed 11,942 sustained vowel /a/ phonations from a US-English cohort comprising 1078 PD and 5453 control participants. We characterized each phonation using 304 dysphonia measures to quantify a range of vocal impairments. Given that this is a highly unbalanced problem, we used the following strategy: we selected a balanced subset (n = 3000 samples) for training and testing using 10-fold cross-validation (CV), and the remaining (unbalanced held-out dataset, n = 8942) samples for further model validation. Using robust feature selection methods we selected 27 dysphonia measures to present into a radial-basis-function support vector machine and demonstrated differentiation of PD participants from controls with 67.43% sensitivity and 67.25% specificity. These findings could help pave the way forward toward the development of an inexpensive, remote, and reliable diagnostic support tool for PD using voice as a digital biomarker

KOMPLEKSOWE METODY UCZENIA MASZYNOWEGO I UCZENIA GŁĘBOKIEGO DO KLASYFIKACJI CHOROBY PARKINSONA I OCENY JEJ NASILENIA

In this study, we aimed to adopt a comprehensive approach to categorize and assess the severity of Parkinson's disease by leveraging techniques from both machine learning and deep learning. We thoroughly evaluated the effectiveness of various models, including XGBoost, Random Forest, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), utilizing classification metrics. We generated detailed reports to facilitate a comprehensive comparative analysis of these models. Notably, XGBoost demonstrated the highest precision at 97.4%. Additionally, we took a step further by developing a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model with the purpose of combining predictions from alternative models. We assessed its ability to predict the severity of the ailment. To quantify the precision levels of the models in disease classification, we calculated severity percentages. Furthermore, we created a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for the GRU model, simplifying the evaluation of its capability to distinguish among various severity levels. This comprehensive approach contributes to a more accurate and detailed understanding of Parkinson's disease severity assessment.W tym badaniu naszym celem było przyjęcie kompleksowego podejścia do kategoryzacji i oceny ciężkości choroby Parkinsona poprzez wykorzystanie technik zarówno uczenia maszynowego, jak i głębokiego uczenia. Dokładnie oceniliśmy skuteczność różnych modeli, w tym XGBoost, Random Forest, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) i Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), wykorzystując wskaźniki klasyfikacji. Wygenerowaliśmy szczegółowe raporty, aby ułatwić kompleksową analizę porównawczą tych modeli. Warto zauważyć, że XGBoost wykazał najwyższą precyzję na poziomie 97,4%. Ponadto poszliśmy o krok dalej, opracowując model Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) w celu połączenia przewidywań z alternatywnych modeli. Oceniliśmy jego zdolność do przewidywania nasilenia dolegliwości. Aby określić ilościowo poziomy dokładności modeli w klasyfikacji chorób, obliczyliśmy wartości procentowe nasilenia. Ponadto stworzyliśmy krzywą charakterystyki operacyjnej odbiornika (ROC) dla modelu GRU, upraszczając ocenę jego zdolności do rozróżniania różnych poziomów nasilenia. To kompleksowe podejście przyczynia się do dokładniejszego i bardziej szczegółowego zrozumienia oceny ciężkości choroby Parkinsona

Novel speech signal processing algorithms for high-accuracy classification of Parkinson's disease

There has been considerable recent research into the connection between Parkinson's disease (PD) and speech impairment. Recently, a wide range of speech signal processing algorithms (dysphonia measures) aiming to predict PD symptom severity using speech signals have been introduced. In this paper, we test how accurately these novel algorithms can be used to discriminate PD subjects from healthy controls. In total, we compute 132 dysphonia measures from sustained vowels. Then, we select four parsimonious subsets of these dysphonia measures using four feature selection algorithms, and map these feature subsets to a binary classification response using two statistical classifiers: random forests and support vector machines. We use an existing database consisting of 263 samples from 43 subjects, and demonstrate that these new dysphonia measures can outperform state-of-the-art results, reaching almost 99% overall classification accuracy using only ten dysphonia features. We find that some of the recently proposed dysphonia measures complement existing algorithms in maximizing the ability of the classifiers to discriminate healthy controls from PD subjects. We see these results as an important step toward noninvasive diagnostic decision support in PD

A Review of the Assessment Methods of Voice Disorders in the Context of Parkinson's Disease

In recent years, a significant progress in the field of research dedicated to the treatment of disabilities has been witnessed. This is particularly true for neurological diseases, which generally influence the system that controls the execution of learned motor patterns. In addition to its importance for communication with the outside world and interaction with others, the voice is a reflection of our personality, moods and emotions. It is a way to provide information on health status, shape, intentions, age and even the social environment. It is also a working tool for many, but an important element of life for all. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are numerous and they suffer from hypokinetic dysarthria, which is manifested in all aspects of speech production: respiration, phonation, articulation, nasalization and prosody. This paper provides a review of the methods of the assessment of speech disorders in the context of PD and also discusses the limitations

Investigating Voice as a Biomarker for Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2-Associated Parkinson's Disease

We investigate the potential association between leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations and voice. Sustained phonations ('aaah' sounds) were recorded from 7 individuals with LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease (PD), 17 participants with idiopathic PD (iPD), 20 non-manifesting LRRK2-mutation carriers, 25 related non-carriers, and 26 controls. In distinguishing LRRK2-associated PD and iPD, the mean sensitivity was 95.4% (SD 17.8%) and mean specificity was 89.6% (SD 26.5%). Voice features for non-manifesting carriers, related non-carriers, and controls were much less discriminatory. Vocal deficits in LRRK2-associated PD may be different than those in iPD. These preliminary results warrant longitudinal analyses and replication in larger cohorts

UTILIZING PROCESSED RECORDS OF PATIENT´S SPEECH IN DETERMINING THE STAGE OF PARKINSON´S DISEASE

The medical procedures for disease diagnostics are significantly demanding and time-consuming. Data mining methods can accelerate this process and assist doctors in making decisions in complex situations. In case of Parkinson´s disease (PD), the diagnostics of the initial disease stage is the primary issue since the symptoms are not so unambiguous and easily observable. Therefore, this article is focused on determining the actual stage of PD based on the data recording signals of patient´s speech using decision trees (C4.5, C5.0 and CART). Methods such as RandomForest, Bagging and Boosting were also employed to improve the existing classification models. Estimation of model accuracy was achieved by using k-fold cross-validation and validation with omission of one record (Leave-one-out). In addition, experiments were also performed to remove collinearity in data by computing the Variance inflation factor (VIF) in order to increase the accuracy of the models

An algorithm for Parkinson's disease speech classification based on isolated words analysis

Introduction Automatic assessment of speech impairment is a cutting edge topic in Parkinson's disease (PD). Language disorders are known to occur several years earlier than typical motor symptoms, thus speech analysis may contribute to the early diagnosis of the disease. Moreover, the remote monitoring of dysphonia could allow achieving an effective follow-up of PD clinical condition, possibly performed in the home environment. Methods In this work, we performed a multi-level analysis, progressively combining features extracted from the entire signal, the voiced segments, and the on-set/off-set regions, leading to a total number of 126 features. Furthermore, we compared the performance of early and late feature fusion schemes, aiming to identify the best model configuration and taking advantage of having 25 isolated words pronounced by each subject. We employed data from the PC-GITA database (50 healthy controls and 50 PD patients) for validation and testing. Results We implemented an optimized k-Nearest Neighbours model for the binary classification of PD patients versus healthy controls. We achieved an accuracy of 99.4% in 10-fold cross-validation and 94.3% in testing on the PC-GITA database (average value of male and female subjects). Conclusion The promising performance yielded by our model confirms the feasibility of automatic assessment of PD using voice recordings. Moreover, a post-hoc analysis of the most relevant features discloses the option of voice processing using a simple smartphone application