10 research outputs found

    v. 80, issue 17, April 5, 2013

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    Tartu Ülikooli toimetised. Tööd semiootika alalt. 1964-1992. 0259-4668

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    http://www.ester.ee/record=b1331700*es

    Model checking combined Z and Statechart specifications

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    Eine der bedeutendsten Herausforderungen der Softwareentwicklung besteht darin, einen Entwicklungsprozess zu garantieren, der Fehlerfreiheit nicht nur gewĂ€hrleistet sondern auch nachweisbar macht. Beides ist von besonderer Bedeutung, wenn sicherheitskritische Systeme entwickelt werden, etwa in den Bereichen der Medizin, der Produktionssteuerung oder der Verkehrstechnik. Softwarefehler können hier lebensbedrohlich sein. Aus diesem Grund ist es meist auch notwendig, die Fehlerfreiheit der Software einem Dritten nachzuweisen. Die Steuerung einer Verkehrsampel muss beispielsweise nicht nur fehlerfrei funktionieren, sondern auch vom TÜV abgenommen werden. Der Einsatz formaler Methoden stellt einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, diese Probleme zu lösen. Formale Sprachen haben gegenĂŒber den ĂŒblichen, nicht-formalen Methoden (umgangssprachliche Spezifikationsdokumente oder Spezifikationssprachen ohne eindeutige Semantik) den Vorteil einer eindeutigen Semantik. Damit können Anforderungen an ein System eindeutig beschrieben und seine Eigenschaften mathematisch bewiesen werden. In der Praxis haben sich diese Methoden allerdings bisher noch nicht durchgesetzt. Zwei herausragende Ursachen hierfĂŒr sind: 1. Die formalen Spezifikationssprachen orientieren sich meist mehr an mathematischer Eleganz als an einfachen und intuitiven Sprachmitteln. Das stellt eine große HĂŒrde fĂŒr den praktischen Einsatz dar. Die Spezifikationssprache mSZ versucht dieses Problem zu lösen. Sie verbindet die von Harel entwickelte und in der Industrie akzeptierte grafische Sprache Statecharts mit der formalen Sprache Z. Damit liegt eine intuitive Sprache vor, die den Anforderungen einer formalen Sprache genĂŒgt. 2.Formale Spezifikationen haben zwar eine prĂ€zise Semantik, sie lassen aber dem Spezifikateur immer noch die Freiheit, inkonsistente oder fehlerhafte (nicht den tatsĂ€chlichen Anforderungen entsprechende) Spezifikationen zu erstellen. Andererseits ermöglichen sie es, Konsistenz und Eigenschaften formal zu beweisen und so zu einer fehlerfreien Spezifikation zu gelangen. Werden solche Beweise nicht gefĂŒhrt, ist gegenĂŒber einer nicht-formalen Spezifikation wenig gewonnen. Um die aufwĂ€ndige BeweisfĂŒhrung praktikabel zu machen, ist eine möglichst weitgehende Automatisierung unverzichtbar. Der Nachweis der Konsistenz sowie der Eigenschaften einer mSZ Spezifikation ist Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. HierfĂŒr werden Model Checking Techniken eingesetzt. Um dies zu ermöglichen, wird die mSZ Spezifikation in drei Schritten ĂŒbersetzt: 1. Übersetzung des Statechartanteils einer mSZ-Spezifikation nach Z. Damit werden zusĂ€tzlich die Semantik der Statecharts und die Semantik die Integration von Statecharts und Z definiert. Außerdem erlaubt diese Vorgehensweise andere, reine Z-Werkzeuge fĂŒr die Analyse zu benutzen. 2. Vereinfachung der Z-Spezifikation in ein vereinfachtes Z (Simple Z), das vom Sprachumfang der Eingabesprache eines Model Checkers entspricht. Dieser Schritt erlaubt es, sowohl mSZ-Spezifikationen wie auch reine Z Spezifikationen fĂŒr das Model Checking vorzubereiten. Das vereinfachte Z kann leicht in die Eingabesprache eines Model Checkers ĂŒbersetzt werden. 3. Übersetzung von Simple Z in die Eingabesprache des SMV Model Checkers von McMillan. Der Model Checker kann dann Konsistenz und Eigenschaften der Spezifikation beweisen.One of today's major problems in software engineering is to achieve a high and comprehensive quality standard for the software development process, in order to maintain a reliable high quality for the resulting products. This holds particularly true for safety critical systems, where failure of the software may have life-threatening consequences. Here, not only the quality of the software itself is important, but also the ability to convince a third party of this very quality. The usage of formal methods is one promising approach to achieve these goals. Roughly speaking, formal methods introduce mathematical precision to the development process. They do so by using formalisms with well defined semantics, and so stipulate formal proofs to verify development steps. This approach is all too well feasible in theory. In practice, however, one will encounter various problems that impede a consequent usage of formal methods: 1. The formal character of the proposed languages and the need to use them for every aspect of the described system makes them too bulky. The reason for this is that they often times concentrate more on the mathematical elegance of their underlying semantics than on comfortable and intuitive usage. The specification language mSZ tackles this problem. It combines Harel s Statecharts with the formal specification language Z and offers very intuitive means to describe a system. 2. As adequate tool support is often missing, implementation of the formal proof obligations becomes practically impossible, because without any tools, these proofs are quite complicated, and their development takes a lot of time. Providing tool support for the verification of consistency and properties of an mSZ specification is the objective of this work. Model checking is used for the verification. An mSZ specification is translated in three steps into the input language of a model checker: 1. The Statecharts are translated to Z. With this, the Statechart semantics and the semantics of the Statechart integration with Z are defined. The result of this translation can also be used by Z tools that do not know Statecharts for analysis. 2. The Z specification is rewritten to a Z subset (Simple Z) that contains only language constructs, supported by the model checker. This step allows preparing mSZ as well as pure Z specifications for model checking. 3. Simple Z is translated to the input language of the SMV model checker

    Applying the Engineering Statechart Formalism to the evaluation of soft real-time in operating systems : a use case tailored modeling and analysis technique

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    Multimedia applications that have emerged in recent years impose unique requirements on an underlying general purpose operating system (GPOS). The suitability of a GPOS for multimedia processing is judged by its soft real-time capabilities. To date, the question of how these capabilities can be assessed has scarcely been addressed: this is a gap in GPOS research. By answering questions on the impacts of the Interrupt Handling Facility (IHF) on the overall soft real-time capabilities of a GPOS, this thesis contributes to the filling of this blank space. The Engineering Statechart Formalism (ESF), a use case tailored formal method of modeling real-world OS, is syntactically and semantically defined. Models of the IHF of selected real-world operating systems are then created by means of this technique. As no appropriate real-time concept fitting the goals of this thesis as yet exists, a suitable definition is constructed. By projecting this system-wide idea to the interrupt subsystem, specific indicators for this subsystem are erived. These indicators are then evaluated by applying formal techniques such as graph-based analysis and temporal logic model checking to the ESF models. Finally, the assertions derived from this evaluation are interpreted with respect to their impacts on real-time multimedia processing in different general purpose operating systems.Multimedia-Anwendungen haben in den letzten Jahren weite Verbreitung erfahren. Solche Anwendungen stellen besondere Anforderungen an das Betriebssystem (BS), auf dem sie ausgefĂŒhrt werden. Insbesondere EchtzeitfĂ€higkeiten des Betriebssystems sind von Bedeutung, wenn es um seine Eignung fĂŒr Multimedia-Verarbeitung geht. Bis heute wurde die Frage, wie sich diese FĂ€higkeiten konkret innerhalb eines BS manifestieren, nur unzureichend untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur FĂŒllung dieser LĂŒcke in der BS-Forschung. Die Effekte des Subsystems zur Unterbrechungsbehandlung in BS auf die EchtzeitfĂ€higkeit des Gesamtsystems werden detailliert auf Basis von Modellen dieses Subsystems in verschiedenen BS analysiert. Um eine formale Auswertung zu erlauben, wird eine auf den Anwendungsfall zugeschnittene formale Methode zur BS-Modellierung verwendet. Die spezifizierte Syntax und Semantik dieses Engineering Statechart Formalism (ESF) basieren auf dem klassischen Statechart-Formalismus. Da bislang kein geeigneter Echtzeit-Begriff existiert, wird eine konsistente Definition hergeleitet. Durch die Abbildung dieser sich auf das Gesamtsystem beziehenden Eigenschaft auf die Unterbrechungsbehandlung werden spezifische Indikatoren fĂŒr dieses Subsystem hergeleitet. Die AusprĂ€gungen dieser Indikatoren fĂŒr die verschiedenen untersuchten Betriebssyteme werden anhand formaler Methoden wie graphbasierter Analyse und Temporal Logic Model Checking ausgewertet. Die Interpretation der Untersuchungsergebnisse liefert Aussagen ĂŒber die Effekte der Implementierung der Unterbrechungsbehandlung auf die EchtzeitfĂ€higkeit der untersuchten Betriebssysteme bei der Verarbeitung von multimedialen Daten

    "May I Speak Freely?" : between templates and free choice in natural language generation ; workshop at the 23rd German Annual Conference for Artificial Intelligence (KI\u2799), Bonn14.-15. September 1999

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    Spatial Practices/Digital Traces: Embodiment and Reconfigurations of Urban Spaces Through GPS Mobile Applications

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    This research explores the relationship between bodies, space and mobile technologies by studying the affective and spatial properties of three GPS-based mobile applications—Grindr, Mappiness and Waze. Discussions of how newly constructed subjectivities experience location, orientation and spatial movements—both physical and digital—emerge throughout the chapters. The study seeks to answer the following research questions: How are GPS-based apps enabling the construction of new digital subjects and embodiments? How do they enable users to perform these identities in space? How does the production of these new subjectivities create alternate forms of inhabiting urban spaces as well as alternate modes of digital mobility? In what ways do GPS apps create new spatiotemporal relations for bodies, and how are these relations made visible by the interfaces’ spatial and urban representations? To answer these questions, the three apps—which were selected from a group of contemporary apps based on their GPS properties, strong link to urban space and relation to embodied performance—are treated as a series of material objects. Though each app’s particular purpose varies, as a set they suggest coupled themes that structure the study’s analysis: physical boundaries/digital peripheries, companionship/wayfinding, embodiments/othering, judgement/ confidence, gamification/interface, intimacy/tactility and trails/digital residue. Guided by Cyberfeminist theories, the method of study is conducted through three phases: personal empirical research, in-depth interviews with participants and the designing of a series of coded avatars of the participants’ identities. The dissertation argues that there exists a mutual shaping between a person’s subjectivity and app-technology, and that these constructions affect the way space is navigated and perceived. To elaborate on this triadic relationship between body/space/technology and to open up new imaginaries to theorise about the body in space through a Cyberfeminist perspective, it proposes a new, performative figuration—the boy—arguing that these newly constructed identities are fluidly assembled and disassembled by their continuous negotiation between physical and digital boundaries. In this way, the study rethinks how Grindr, Mappiness and Waze enable alternate embodiments for performing identities in space, while also seeking to discuss how they create new spatial organisations and socio-spatial manifestations

    The effective and ethical development of artificial intelligence: An opportunity to improve our wellbeing

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    This project has been supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council (project number CS170100008); the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science; and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. ACOLA collaborates with the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences and the New Zealand Royal Society Te Apārangi to deliver the interdisciplinary Horizon Scanning reports to government. The aims of the project which produced this report are: 1. Examine the transformative role that artificial intelligence may play in different sectors of the economy, including the opportunities, risks and challenges that advancement presents. 2. Examine the ethical, legal and social considerations and frameworks required to enable and support broad development and uptake of artificial intelligence. 3. Assess the future education, skills and infrastructure requirements to manage workforce transition and support thriving and internationally competitive artificial intelligence industries

    Queer fan practices online: digital fan production as a negotiation of LGBT representation in Pretty Little Liars

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    Fan Studies aims to de-pathologise fans, their communities and their fannish practices (Jenkins 1992). In doing so, Fan Studies privileges fan voices by interrogating their quotidian on- and offline fan practices (Brooker 2002; Hills 2002), demonstrating the emotional connection these fans have to texts. Much of this fannish engagement revolves around the creation and consumption of slash fiction (Bacon-Smith 1992; Hellekson & Busse 2006), a fan practice occurring in fan fiction communities that has been identified as a ‘queer female space’ (Lothian et al 2007, 103). This work predominantly explores why women create these fan texts with little consideration given to the fan’s source text. In spite of this, little attention has been given to LGBT+ fandom and how self-identifying LGBT+ fans negotiate mediated representations of LGBT+ identity, especially when considering the increasing level of LGBT+ media representations on television and particularly on Teen TV programmes. Therefore, this thesis addresses the ways in which fans negotiate non-normative identities represented in the teen mystery TV series Pretty Little Liars (2010-) by investigating ‘queer’ modes of fan production, namely ‘fan talk’, (fem)slash fiction, digital (fem)slash and fan theory-making created by PLL fans. PLL hosts a range of diverse LGBT+ representations and includes a large number of LGB producers and creative talent. This investigation occurs by employing a reader-guided textual analysis (Ytre-Arne 2011), a method that centralises fan meaning-making by analysing the fan’s source text through these fan interpretations. I argue that reader-guided textual analysis (Ytre-Arne 2011) allows us to better understand how fans negotiate LGBT+ representation, how fans accept or reject these LGBT+ representations and the characters’ relationships. The implications lie not just in Fan Studies methodologies and fan production, but also for Queer Theory’s ‘evaluative paradigm’ (Davis and Needham 2009) or how Queer Theorist assess representations as either positive or negative
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