Peak Energy-Isotropic Energy Relation in the Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst Model

Using a simple uniform jet model of prompt emissions of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we reproduce the observed peak energy--isotropic energy relation. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the low-isotropic energy part of the relation is dominated by events viewed from off-axis directions, and the number of the off-axis events is about one-third of the on-axis emissions. We also compute the observed event rates of the GRBs, the X-ray-rich GRBs, and the X-ray flashes detected by HETE-2, and we find that they are similar.Comment: 11 pages, 2 eps figure

Support for UNRWA's survival

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) provides life-saving humanitarian aid for 5·4 million Palestine refugees now entering their eighth decade of statelessness and conflict. About a third of Palestine refugees still live in 58 recognised camps. UNRWA operates 702 schools and 144 health centres, some of which are affected by the ongoing humanitarian disasters in Syria and the Gaza Strip. It has dramatically reduced the prevalence of infectious diseases, mortality, and illiteracy. Its social services include rebuilding infrastructure and homes that have been destroyed by conflict and providing cash assistance and micro-finance loans for Palestinians whose rights are curtailed and who are denied the right of return to their homeland

[1] Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Caused By Fish Pathogens

This chapter describes methods to prevent and/or protect fish from infectious diseases. Chemotherapy using antimicrobial agents and criteria is effective but users should pay attention to avoid the increases of multiple drug resistant strains of fish pathogenic bacteria. Vaccination by injection, immersion and oral methods is important to prevent diseases. Besides formalin-killed and heat-treated vaccines, there are several other types of vaccines, such as attenuated, subunit, and DNA vaccines. Fish rely more on their innate immunity to prevent diseases and immunostimulants generally stimulate innate immune components. Many immunostimulants such as glucans, levamisole, chitin, lipopolysaccharides and nucleotides have been reported to increase protection against bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases in fish. Diagnostic methods are indispensable to fish farm management and will help in identifying proper therapeutic measures and preventing the spread of diseases. Diagnostic methods currently used are antibody-based diagnosis, detection of specific genes in the target pathogen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. In aquaculture, one way to prevent fish diseases is to develop disease-resistant strains of fish through the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS requires an understanding of the linkage between quantitative trait loci of a target trait and DNA markers. Transgenic technology is applicable to obtain disease-resistant strains of fish. Recent advances in the fish transgenesis for disease-resistance are discussed.E-book editionE-book: 978-1-78021-040-7Print: 978-1-78021-540-2Authors, keywords, contents, summary [p. 1-2]1. Prevention and Protection against Infectious Diseases1.1. Prevention / Mamoru Yoshimizu and Hisae Kasai [p. 2-8]1.2. Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial Agents for Aquaculture in Japan / Takashi Aoki [p. 9-17]1.3. Vaccination – Injection, Oral and Immersion / Mitsuru Ototake [p. 17-21]1.4. Vaccination – Recombinant and DNA Vaccines / Takashi Aoki [p. 21-34]1.5. Fish Immunostilumants / Masahiro Sakai [p. 35-38]2. Diagnosis of Diseases2.1. Diagnosis -Antiserum Detection / Tae-Sung Jung [p. 39-43]2.2. Diagnosis – PCR Detection / Takashi Aoki and Jun-ichi Hikima [p. 43-51]2.3. Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Method / Masahiro Sakai [p. 51-56]3. Selection and Establishment of Disease-Resistant Fish3.1. Development of Disease-Resistant Fish Using Marker-Assisted Selection / Takashi Sakamoto, Akiyuki Ozaki and Nobuaki Okamoto [p. 56-59]3.2. Establishment of Disease-Resistant Fish / Ryosuke Yazawa [p. 59-62]Bibliography, biographical sketches [p. 62-83

GRB Polarimetry with POET

POET (Polarimeters for Energetic Transients) represents a concept for a Small Explorer (SMEX) satellite mission, whose principal scientific goal is to understand the structure of GRB sources through sensitive X‐ray and γ‐ray polarization measurements. The payload consists of two wide field‐of‐view (FoV) instruments: a Low Energy Polarimeter (LEP) capable of polarization measurements in the energy range from 2–15 keV and a high energy polarimeter (Gamma‐Ray Polarimeter Experiment or GRAPE) that would measure polarization in the 60–500 keV energy range. The POET spacecraft provides a zenith‐pointed platform for maximizing the exposure to deep space. Spacecraft rotation provides a means of effectively dealing with any residual systematic effects in the polarization response. POET provides sufficient sensitivity and sky coverage to measure statistically significant polarization (for polarization levels in excess of 20%) for ∼80 GRBs in a two‐year mission. High energy polarization data would also be obtained for SGRs, solar flares, pulsars and other sources of astronomical interest

EFFECTIVE SEDIMENT CONTROL IN A RESERVOIR

Sedimentation in a reservoir cannot be avoided. The average rate of sedimentation on the storage volume reduction of a reservoir in the world is about 1 % per year (Yoon,1992), meanwhile, the storage volume reduction in several reservoir in Indonesia reaches 1,64% to 2,83% per year (Atmojo,2012). These sediment’s accumulations in the reservoir will continually reduce the storage volume, thus the intended functions of reservoirs for flood control (Atmojo, 2013), irrigation and water supply, electric generation, etc. will also reduced and not optimal. Some of sediment control measures have been practiced in reducing sediment accumulation in reservoirs around the world. In principle, there are two approaches i.e., reduce the sediment input to a reservoir by land conservation, construction of check dam, sand pocket, diversion channel, etc. and reduce the sedimentation in the reservoir by sluicing, turbidity current, dredging, and flushing (Morris and Fan, 1998; Emamgholizadeh et al., 2006). This paper presents the performance of sediment’s reduction from a reservoir by flushing, sluicing, and disturbing flushing based on some laboratories results (Atmojo,2012). It is expected that this paper can contribute to elicits some finding on the selection of which suitable method for sediment reduction from a reservoir