Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Teste e validação de redes de sensores sem fios com simulação, aplicado ao Museu da Baleia

Os recentes desenvolvimentos na a´rea das redes de sensores sem fios (Wireless Sensor Networks, WSN), originaram not´orias melhorias ao n´ıvel do seu hardware e software e, por consequˆencia, melhorias na sua viabilidade, condi¸c˜oes de implementac¸˜ao, custos e tempo de vida u´til. Por estas raz˜oes, s˜ao cada vez mais os projetos que tiram proveito destas potencialidades, abrangendo os mais diversos campos de aplica¸ca˜o, desde o militar at´e `a domo´tica. O projeto WISE-MUSE, baseia-se na implementac¸˜ao de WSN em ambientes interiores (indoor), e tem como objetivo a monitoriza¸ca˜o remota de paraˆmetros ambientais, vitais neste caso espec´ıfico, a` gest˜ao dos artefatos expostos no Museu da Baleia. Este tipo de WSN, indoor, define-se por uma maior densidade de obsta´culos (paredes), logo com distˆancias de transmiss˜ao mais curtas, uma maior refexa˜o dos sinais, mas tamb´em pela sua flexibilidade na implementa¸cao. O estudo destas carater´ısticas, executado com o recurso a um simulador de rede, permite na˜o so´ manter a rede do museu em pleno funcionamento, como tamb´em ter flexibilidade ao n´ıvel dos cena´rios gerados e capacidade de otimiza¸ca˜o. Com base nas simulac¸˜oes realizadas, procedeu-se a` ana´lise da topologia, do seu (sobre) dimensionamento e da (sobre) carga na rede, determinando no decorrer do processo, indicadores como a melhor posi¸ca˜o te´orica da estac¸˜ao base e a sua capacidade m´axima de transmissa˜o para uma determinada taxa de envio de pacotes. Apesar de apresentada no contexto do Museu da Baleia, considera-se a metodologia utilizada, va´lida, num contexto mais abrangente de cen´arios indoor.Recent developments in the area of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have led to significant improvements in their hardware and software and, consequently, improvements in their viability, implementation conditions, costs and lifespan. For these reasons, there are more and more projects that take advantage of these potentialities, covering the most diverse fields of application, from military to home automation. The WISEMUSE project is based on the implementation of WSN in a indoor environment, and aims to remotely monitor environmental parameters, vital in this specific case, to the management of the artifacts exhibited at the Whale Museum. This type of indoor WSN is defined by a greater density of obstacles (walls), therefore with shorter transmission distances, a greater refection of the signals, but also by its implementation flexibility. The study of these characteristics, executed with the use of a network simulator, allows not only to keep the museum network fully operational, but also to have flexibility in the scenarios generated and the ability to optimize the current solution. Based on the runned simulations, we analyzed the topology, its (over) sizing and (over) loading, determining in the the process, indicators such as the best theoretical position of the base station and its maximum transmission capacity for a given packet rate. Although presented in the context of the Whale Museum, the methodology used is considered valid in a more comprehensive context of indoor scenario

Securing IoT Applications through Decentralised and Distributed IoT-Blockchain Architectures

The integration of blockchain into IoT can provide reliable control of the IoT network's ability to distribute computation over a large number of devices. It also allows the AI system to use trusted data for analysis and forecasts while utilising the available IoT hardware to coordinate the execution of tasks in parallel, using a fully distributed approach. This thesis's  rst contribution is a practical implementation of a real world IoT- blockchain application, ood detection use case, is demonstrated using Ethereum proof of authority (PoA). This includes performance measurements of the transaction con-  rmation time, the system end-to-end latency, and the average power consumption. The study showed that blockchain can be integrated into IoT applications, and that Ethereum PoA can be used within IoT for permissioned implementation. This can be achieved while the average energy consumption of running the ood detection system including the Ethereum Geth client is small (around 0.3J). The second contribution is a novel IoT-centric consensus protocol called honesty- based distributed proof of authority (HDPoA) via scalable work. HDPoA was analysed and then deployed and tested. Performance measurements and evaluation along with the security analyses of HDPoA were conducted using a total of 30 di erent IoT de- vices comprising Raspberry Pis, ESP32, and ESP8266 devices. These measurements included energy consumption, the devices' hash power, and the transaction con rma- tion time. The measured values of hash per joule (h/J) for mining were 13.8Kh/J, 54Kh/J, and 22.4Kh/J when using the Raspberry Pi, the ESP32 devices, and the ESP8266 devices, respectively, this achieved while there is limited impact on each de- vice's power. In HDPoA the transaction con rmation time was reduced to only one block compared to up to six blocks in bitcoin. The third contribution is a novel, secure, distributed and decentralised architecture for supporting the implementation of distributed arti cial intelligence (DAI) using hardware platforms provided by IoT. A trained DAI system was implemented over the IoT, where each IoT device hosts one or more neurons within the DAI layers. This is accomplished through the utilisation of blockchain technology that allows trusted interaction and information exchange between distributed neurons. Three di erent datasets were tested and the system achieved a similar accuracy as when testing on a standalone system; both achieved accuracies of 92%-98%. The system accomplished that while ensuring an overall latency of as low as two minutes. This showed the secure architecture capabilities of facilitating the implementation of DAI within IoT while ensuring the accuracy of the system is preserved. The fourth contribution is a novel and secure architecture that integrates the ad- vantages o ered by edge computing, arti cial intelligence (AI), IoT end-devices, and blockchain. This new architecture has the ability to monitor the environment, collect data, analyse it, process it using an AI-expert engine, provide predictions and action- able outcomes, and  nally share it on a public blockchain platform. The pandemic caused by the wide and rapid spread of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 was used as a use-case implementation to test and evaluate the proposed system. While providing the AI-engine trusted data, the system achieved an accuracy of 95%,. This is achieved while the AI-engine only requires a 7% increase in power consumption. This demon- strate the system's ability to protect the data and support the AI system, and improves the IoT overall security with limited impact on the IoT devices. The  fth and  nal contribution is enhancing the security of the HDPoA through the integration of a hardware secure module (HSM) and a hardware wallet (HW). A performance evaluation regarding the energy consumption of nodes that are equipped with HSM and HW and a security analysis were conducted. In addition to enhancing the nodes' security, the HSM can be used to sign more than 120 bytes/joule and encrypt up to 100 bytes/joule, while the HW can be used to sign up to 90 bytes/joule and encrypt up to 80 bytes/joule. The result and analyses demonstrated that the HSM and HW enhance the security of HDPoA, and also can be utilised within IoT-blockchain applications while providing much needed security in terms of con dentiality, trust in devices, and attack deterrence. The above contributions showed that blockchain can be integrated into IoT systems. It showed that blockchain can successfully support the integration of other technolo- gies such as AI, IoT end devices, and edge computing into one system thus allowing organisations and users to bene t greatly from a resilient, distributed, decentralised, self-managed, robust, and secure systems

Pasturemanagermobility: modelo de mobilidade de animais em pastagem para redes de sensores sem fio utilizando modelo Markoviano de percurso aleatório e estados finitos de cadeias de Markov

The use of collars containing sensors for the monitoring and tracking of grazing ani-mals, especially for cattle herds, has been gaining support in Brazil and worldwide. The monitoring of the animals is very important in terms of optimization of the gains, health care and quality of products obtained throughout the production chain. However, the real-time monitoring, made possible by the transmission of the information collected by the collars with communication stations, is even more effective, since it allows for faster decision making, before possible problems happen or opportunities are lost. However, testing and deploying these devices in the real world are extremely costly and complex. Because of this, the use of wireless sensor network simulators becomes essential for the development of this type of technology. The present work describes and implements a configurable mobility model that approximates the mobility performed by animals that organize themselves in herds, using finite states in Markov chains. This model was imple-mented in the Wireless Sensor Networks simulator called Castalia, due to its reliability with the measurement of spent energy, one of the major problems faced by the WSN, and its ease of implementation of medium access and routing protocols, showing thus a great environment for the realization of the desired tests.A utilização de colares contendo sensores para o monitoramento e rastreamento de animais em pasto, principalmente para rebanhos bovinos, vem ganhando adeptos no Brasil e no mundo. O monitoramento dos animais se mostra muito importante no que tange otimização dos ganhos, cuidados com a saúde e qualidade dos produtos obtidos em toda cadeia de produção. Todavia, o monitoramento em tempo real, possibilitado pela transmissão das informações coletadas pelos colares com estações de comunicação, se mostra ainda mais eficaz, pois possibilita a tomada de decisões mais rápidas, antes que possíveis problemas aconteçam ou oportunidades se percam. Porém, testes e implantação desses equipamentos no mundo real são extremamente custosos e complexos. Devido a isso, a utilização de simuladores de Redes de Sensores Sem Fio se torna essencial para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de tecnologia. O presente trabalho descreve e implementa um modelo de mobilidade configurável que se aproxima da mobilidade realizada por animais que se organizam em rebanhos, utilizando estados finitos em cadeias de Markov. Este modelo foi implementado no simulador de Redes de Sensores Sem Fio denominado Castalia, devido sua fidedignidade em relação ao consumo de energia dos nós sensores, um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pelas RSSF, e sua facilidade de implementação de protocolos de acesso ao meio e de roteamento, se mostrando assim um ótimo ambiente para realização dos testes desejados