18,552 research outputs found
Information and Meaning in Life, Humans and Robots
Information and meaning exist around us and within ourselves, and the same information can correspond to different meanings. This is true for humans and animals, and is becoming true for robots.
We propose here an overview of this subject by using a systemic tool related to meaning generation that has already been published (C. Menant, Entropy 2003).
The Meaning Generator System (MGS) is a system submitted to a constraint that generates a meaningful information when it receives an incident information that has a relation with the constraint. The content of the meaningful information is explicited, and its function is to
trigger an action that will be used to satisfy the constraint of the system.
The MGS has been introduced in the case of basic life submitted to a "stay alive" constraint.
We propose here to see how the usage of the MGS can be extended to more complex living systems, to humans and to robots by introducing new types of constraints, and integrating the MGS into higher level systems.
The application of the MGS to humans is partly based on a scenario relative to the evolution of body self-awareness toward self-consciousness that has already been presented
(C. Menant, Biosemiotics 2003, and TSC 2004).
The application of the MGS to robots is based on the definition of the MGS applied to robots functionality, taking into account the origins of the constraints.
We conclude with a summary of this overview and with themes that can be linked to this systemic approach on meaning generation
THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) UJIAN NASIONAL SMP/MTs OF ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2011 β 2012
Ujian Nasional (UN) or national examination for the ninth grader of Junior High School has
been conducted. Each subject tested has its own competency standard for the graduation or
standar kompetensi lulusan (SKL). SKL is used as the assessment standard to determine the
graduation of the students. The SKL for Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of English in
academic year 2011 - 2012 covers competency in reading and writing skill. This writing
shows that competencies and the indicators of the SKL Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of
English in academic year 2011 - 2012 reflect functional approach in English Language
Teaching
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in retail foods in northern China
A total of 387 retail meat, seafood and milk powder samples were collected from nine cities in northern China in 2005 and screened for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella strains isolated were subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Salmonella was isolated from 81 (20.9%, 81/387) samples and classified into 23 serotypes. The isolates were frequently resistant to sulfamethoxazole (86.4%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (48.1%), nalidixic acid (30.9%), tetracycline (19.8%), carboxybenzylpenicillin (17.3%), amoxicillin (17.3%) and ampicillin (16.0%). The multiple resistance (resistance to β₯ 3 antibiotics) was found in 29.6% (n = 24) isolates. Additionally, 4 isolates from chicken displayed the ACSSuTNx profile, resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline and nalidixic acid, in particular, strain HBS084 showing the resistance to as many as 20 antibiotics. Salmonella from chicken showed the higher frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Our findings indicate that in northern China food products of animal origin can be a source of exposure for consumers to multiresistant Salmonella strain
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Keywords of written reflection - a comparison between reflective and descriptive datasets
This study investigates reflection keywords by contrasting two datasets, one of reflective sentences and another of descriptive sentences. The log-likelihood statistic reveals several reflection keywords that are discussed in the context of a model for reflective writing. These keywords are seen as a useful building block for tools that can automatically analyse reflection in texts
A tribute to Elizaveta Ubryatova: professional life and personal destiny
The article was submitted on 10.06.2015. Translated by Dr. Lilia Gorelova.In Russia, the name of prominent turkologist Elizaveta Ivanovna Ubryatova, at present is known mostly to specialists who study the languages spoken by the Northern peoples of the country. However, the essence of scientific research of a linguist of such a calibre includes naturally attentive and concerned attitude to the fate of the peoples residing in the North of Russia, which was especially important in the conditions of the Soviet era. Survival of the Northern peoples and their languages became for Ubryatova not only a scientific problem but also a mission of vital importance. Ubryatovaβs scientific interests were not restricted to linguistic problems, she also purposefully studied the important monuments of folk literature and ethnography of indigenous peoples. This was due to her scientific breadth, social responsibility, and commitment to a supreme mastery of the research object. That is why she became the founder of the original linguistic and cultural school in the study of the history and structures of languages spoken by peoples living in the North of Russia. The scale of her bright personality, combined with her intelligence, patience, and feminine care about colleagues and students, made her a center of attraction for researchers in this field. She launched an extensive project of publishing works devoted to folklore of the peoples who inhabited the Northern territories of Russia, and whose traditional culture became a part of the world culture as a result. The languages of the Dolgans and Yakuts became the main topics of her research. In this article, we outline the major ideas proposed by Ubryatova in her works, viz., those concerning the origin of the Turkic languages, Dolgan and Yakut in particular, and principles of the organization of the Yakut syntax. In her works, devoted to syntactic problems, Ubryatova determined the fundamental characteristic features of systemic organization of Turkic languages, Yakut in particular, as the ability of these languages to link language units of different levels between each other by using the same grammatical means. In Turkic languages, almost all syntactic relations between clauses can be expressed grammatically, and this linguistic phenomenon entails the existence of a diverse and advanced system of non-finite verbal forms. These important findings can be successfully generalised to embrace all Altaic languages. Addressing a linguistic problem, Ubryatova combined her deep intuition with intensive field work and systematic theoretic investigation. Monographs and textbooks written by Ubryatova belong to the gold reserve of Turkology and cultural linguistics.Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ, Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π± Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈ - Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Β». Π ΡΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π£Π±ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage Machine Translation System
Knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) techniques yield high quality in
domains with detailed semantic models, limited vocabulary, and controlled input
grammar. Scaling up along these dimensions means acquiring large knowledge
resources. It also means behaving reasonably when definitive knowledge is not
yet available. This paper describes how we can fill various KBMT knowledge
gaps, often using robust statistical techniques. We describe quantitative and
qualitative results from JAPANGLOSS, a broad-coverage Japanese-English MT
system.Comment: 7 pages, Compressed and uuencoded postscript. To appear: IJCAI-9
TIGER PARENTINGβS POWER DOMINANCE IN βTWO KINDSβ SHORT STORY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
This study aims to examine the short story entitled βTwo Kindsβ. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. In gathering the data, the writers applied close reading to determine the sentences which show the social wrong. In analyzing the data, the writers applied transitivity as the tool to analyze the sentences. After analyzing the data, the writers interpreted and related the sentences with social theories, which are tiger parenting and second generation Asian American. The results of this study show that the main characterβs mother applied abusive methods as discussed in the tiger parenting explanation. The transitivity is used to prove that the parent, specifically the mother in the story, applies tiger parentingβs abusive system. The abusive system of the mother is realized through physical actions, mental affection, and verbal utterances to her daughter. The short story also contains the second generation of Asian American phenomena. As the second generation of Asian American, the main character rebels against the tiger parenting shown by her utterances towards her mother
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