18,552 research outputs found

    Information and Meaning in Life, Humans and Robots

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    Information and meaning exist around us and within ourselves, and the same information can correspond to different meanings. This is true for humans and animals, and is becoming true for robots. We propose here an overview of this subject by using a systemic tool related to meaning generation that has already been published (C. Menant, Entropy 2003). The Meaning Generator System (MGS) is a system submitted to a constraint that generates a meaningful information when it receives an incident information that has a relation with the constraint. The content of the meaningful information is explicited, and its function is to trigger an action that will be used to satisfy the constraint of the system. The MGS has been introduced in the case of basic life submitted to a "stay alive" constraint. We propose here to see how the usage of the MGS can be extended to more complex living systems, to humans and to robots by introducing new types of constraints, and integrating the MGS into higher level systems. The application of the MGS to humans is partly based on a scenario relative to the evolution of body self-awareness toward self-consciousness that has already been presented (C. Menant, Biosemiotics 2003, and TSC 2004). The application of the MGS to robots is based on the definition of the MGS applied to robots functionality, taking into account the origins of the constraints. We conclude with a summary of this overview and with themes that can be linked to this systemic approach on meaning generation

    THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) UJIAN NASIONAL SMP/MTs OF ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2011 – 2012

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    Ujian Nasional (UN) or national examination for the ninth grader of Junior High School has been conducted. Each subject tested has its own competency standard for the graduation or standar kompetensi lulusan (SKL). SKL is used as the assessment standard to determine the graduation of the students. The SKL for Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of English in academic year 2011 - 2012 covers competency in reading and writing skill. This writing shows that competencies and the indicators of the SKL Ujian Nasional (UN) SMP/MTs of English in academic year 2011 - 2012 reflect functional approach in English Language Teaching

    Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in retail foods in northern China

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    A total of 387 retail meat, seafood and milk powder samples were collected from nine cities in northern China in 2005 and screened for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella strains isolated were subjected to serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Salmonella was isolated from 81 (20.9%, 81/387) samples and classified into 23 serotypes. The isolates were frequently resistant to sulfamethoxazole (86.4%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (48.1%), nalidixic acid (30.9%), tetracycline (19.8%), carboxybenzylpenicillin (17.3%), amoxicillin (17.3%) and ampicillin (16.0%). The multiple resistance (resistance to β‰₯ 3 antibiotics) was found in 29.6% (n = 24) isolates. Additionally, 4 isolates from chicken displayed the ACSSuTNx profile, resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline and nalidixic acid, in particular, strain HBS084 showing the resistance to as many as 20 antibiotics. Salmonella from chicken showed the higher frequency of antimicrobial resistance. Our findings indicate that in northern China food products of animal origin can be a source of exposure for consumers to multiresistant Salmonella strain

    A tribute to Elizaveta Ubryatova: professional life and personal destiny

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    The article was submitted on 10.06.2015. Translated by Dr. Lilia Gorelova.In Russia, the name of prominent turkologist Elizaveta Ivanovna Ubryatova, at present is known mostly to specialists who study the languages spoken by the Northern peoples of the country. However, the essence of scientific research of a linguist of such a calibre includes naturally attentive and concerned attitude to the fate of the peoples residing in the North of Russia, which was especially important in the conditions of the Soviet era. Survival of the Northern peoples and their languages became for Ubryatova not only a scientific problem but also a mission of vital importance. Ubryatova’s scientific interests were not restricted to linguistic problems, she also purposefully studied the important monuments of folk literature and ethnography of indigenous peoples. This was due to her scientific breadth, social responsibility, and commitment to a supreme mastery of the research object. That is why she became the founder of the original linguistic and cultural school in the study of the history and structures of languages spoken by peoples living in the North of Russia. The scale of her bright personality, combined with her intelligence, patience, and feminine care about colleagues and students, made her a center of attraction for researchers in this field. She launched an extensive project of publishing works devoted to folklore of the peoples who inhabited the Northern territories of Russia, and whose traditional culture became a part of the world culture as a result. The languages of the Dolgans and Yakuts became the main topics of her research. In this article, we outline the major ideas proposed by Ubryatova in her works, viz., those concerning the origin of the Turkic languages, Dolgan and Yakut in particular, and principles of the organization of the Yakut syntax. In her works, devoted to syntactic problems, Ubryatova determined the fundamental characteristic features of systemic organization of Turkic languages, Yakut in particular, as the ability of these languages to link language units of different levels between each other by using the same grammatical means. In Turkic languages, almost all syntactic relations between clauses can be expressed grammatically, and this linguistic phenomenon entails the existence of a diverse and advanced system of non-finite verbal forms. These important findings can be successfully generalised to embrace all Altaic languages. Addressing a linguistic problem, Ubryatova combined her deep intuition with intensive field work and systematic theoretic investigation. Monographs and textbooks written by Ubryatova belong to the gold reserve of Turkology and cultural linguistics.Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ российских лингвистов имя Π•Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π˜Π²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ Убрятовой извСстно прСимущСствСнно спСциалистам, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ языки Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°. Однако ΡΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… изысканий лингвистов этого профиля Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»Π° Π² сСбя Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡƒΠ΄ΡŒΠ±Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π° Π² условиях совСтского Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ для Убрятовой Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΠΉ. Π•Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° Ивановна, ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ отчасти случайно пСрСсСкся с исслСдованиСм Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ языка, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ памятников Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ словСсности ΠΈ этнографии, ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΡŽΠ΄ΡŒ Π½Π΅ случайно, Π° Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ добросовСстности ΠΈ стрСмлСния ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ знанию ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° исслСдования становится основатСлСм ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ направлСния Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ истории ΠΈ структуры языков Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° сСвСрС России. ΠœΠ°ΡΡˆΡ‚Π°Π± личности, яркая ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² сочСтании с настоящСй ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ТСнской Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… сотрудниках ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ… сдСлали Π΅Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ притяТСния, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡˆΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρƒ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ вСличСствСнный ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ издания Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π° Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°, Π³Π΄Π΅ самобытная ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° этой Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ стала Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹. Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΅ исслСдовании стали Ρ‚ΡŽΡ€ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ языки - долганский ΠΈ якутский. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прописаны основныС тСзисы Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Убрятовой ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΡΡ…ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ‚ΡŽΡ€ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ… языков» ΠΈ Β«ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡ‹ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ синтаксиса якутского языка». Π’ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ синтаксису Π•Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π° Убрятова опрСдСляСт ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ систСмной ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚ΡŽΡ€ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ… языков, ΠΈ якутского Π² частности, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ† Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ… ΠΆΠ΅ срСдств. ИдСя Убрятовой ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ всС синтаксичСскиС ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ грамматичСскиС выраТСния, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ опрСдСляСт систСму Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅, оказалась ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ для Ρ‚ΡŽΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ Π΅Π΅ лингвистичСских изысканиях тонкая интуиция ΡΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ с ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ систСмными исслСдованиями ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ вопроса. НаучныС сочинСния Убрятовой ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Ρ‚ΡŽΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ

    Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage Machine Translation System

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    Knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) techniques yield high quality in domains with detailed semantic models, limited vocabulary, and controlled input grammar. Scaling up along these dimensions means acquiring large knowledge resources. It also means behaving reasonably when definitive knowledge is not yet available. This paper describes how we can fill various KBMT knowledge gaps, often using robust statistical techniques. We describe quantitative and qualitative results from JAPANGLOSS, a broad-coverage Japanese-English MT system.Comment: 7 pages, Compressed and uuencoded postscript. To appear: IJCAI-9

    TIGER PARENTING’S POWER DOMINANCE IN β€œTWO KINDS” SHORT STORY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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    This study aims to examine the short story entitled β€œTwo Kinds”. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. In gathering the data, the writers applied close reading to determine the sentences which show the social wrong. In analyzing the data, the writers applied transitivity as the tool to analyze the sentences. After analyzing the data, the writers interpreted and related the sentences with social theories, which are tiger parenting and second generation Asian American. The results of this study show that the main character’s mother applied abusive methods as discussed in the tiger parenting explanation. The transitivity is used to prove that the parent, specifically the mother in the story, applies tiger parenting’s abusive system. The abusive system of the mother is realized through physical actions, mental affection, and verbal utterances to her daughter. The short story also contains the second generation of Asian American phenomena. As the second generation of Asian American, the main character rebels against the tiger parenting shown by her utterances towards her mother
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