An overview of wind turbine manufacturing experience in Turkey

While wind energy has been utilized by windmills for ages, 1970s oil crises was a turning point for many developed governments to initiate massive efforts to develop modern wind turbines. Starting from almost none in early 1980s, the installed wind power capacity has reached 159.2 GW globally by the end of 2009. While the use of wind turbines for general power utilization dates back to 1986 with a 55 kW capacity, it took another decade for wind farms to appear in Turkey. The Electricity Market Regulatory Authority (EPDK) started accepting wind power production licenses in 2007 reaching to a total of 78 GW wind capacity. As of today, the installed wind power capacity of Turkey is 1329 MW. The Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration (EIEI) plans for a total of 20 GW wind energy within 10 years. In line with the global trend, it will be realistic to estimate Turkish wind market to reach 40 GW before 2030. There is extensive industrial infrastructure that will support production of large wind turbines in Turkey. However, due to lack of turbine technology and know-how only a limited portion of this infrastructure is used towards wind turbine production. Recently Ministry of Energy has initiated the National Wind Energy Systems Project (MILRES) with funding from TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The project aims to develop turbine technologies up to 2.5 MWs as well as to coach potential component manufacturers to develop production capabilities for large turbines

Heater Control for Thermionic Power Generation

The purpose of this report is to detail the conceptualization, analysis, budget, manufacturing, and assembly the heater for a thermionic energy converter for portable energy generation. This proof of concept will be created to provide a full thermionic energy converter with a reliable and satisfactory heater than can be used in future systems. The report highlights the feasibility and realities in the design and fabrication of the system

A comparative study between x-rays and gamma-rays irradiation on electrical characteristics of bipolar junction transistors (BJTS)

Irradiation impact of gamma rays and X-rays on bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in terms of electronic excitation due to transfer of energy and subsequent ionization, as well as energy transfer to atomic nuclei is studied using in-situ method. Comparison is made on the electrical characteristics of the devices under test (DUT) for various collecting current at two different operating mode. Both temporary and permanent damages in DUTs are found to be induced by energy transfer from the irradiation by gamma-rays and X-rays, depending upon total dose absorbed and current drive. Increased probability of recombination, due to creation of electron–hole pairs at the base region is found to be the most significant radiation damage in BJTs, as it leads to decrease in electron flux reaching the collector region

A cryocooler for applications requiring low magnetic and mechanical interference

A very low-power, low-interference Stirling cryocooler is being developed based on principles and techniques described in several previous publications over the last four years. It differs in several important details from those built previously. It uses a tapered displacer based upon an analytical optimization procedure. The displacer is driven by an auxiliary piston and cylinder (rather than by mechanical linkage) using some of the working fluid itself to provide the driving force. This provides smooth, vibration-free motion, and, more importantly, allows complete mechanical and spatial separation of the cryostat from the pressure-wave generator. Either of two different pressure-wave generators can be used. One is a non-contaminating, unlubricated ceramic piston and cylinder. The other is a compressed-air-operated rubber diaphragm with motor-driven valves to cycle the pressure between appropriate limits

A framework for green manufacturing practicies in small and medium enterprises in Malaysia

Green Manufacturing Practices (GrMP) is a term used to describe manufacturing practices that do not harm the environment during any part of the manufacturing process. It emphasizes the use of processes that do not pollute the environment or harm consumers, employees, or other members of the community. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are moving toward sustainable alternatives through GrMP method. It stresses on critical factors such as organisational style, eco-knowledge, business environment, society influences, supply chain management and technology network. Large size industries are more compelled to do so compared to SMEs due to the fact that they are more influential with better organizational management and good financial stability compared to SMEs. However, SMEs are trying to adapt GrMP as a mandatory process, but lack of proper framework which guide them for implementation. Therefore, this study developes the framework of GrMP for local SMEs. The study involves enablers and barriers in implementing GrMP from previous literatures. This work formulate a framework based on relationship between criticals factors with enablers and barriers. 59 of respondents from local industries in Malaysia were selected as respondents based on six of critical factors divided into two parts which are enablers and barriers. The questionnaire are designed based on this. Survey were evaluated by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, in terms of correlation, reliability, central tendency and variability testing. The finding on this study in the term of framework will help SMEs to implementing GrMP. Framework formulate relates the critical factors from previous literature and enablers and barriers from survey based on perception of industries expert. GrMP for SMEs are the first step of environmental awareness and ecological responsibilties

Linear Quadrupole Focusing for High Resolution Microdroplet-Based Fabrication

In industry, particularly in the field of rapid prototyping, droplet-based manufacturing is proving to be an extremely efficient technique for the production of low cost electronic components. However, for some applications, the desired material properties at deposition are not easily integrated with a homogeneous, low viscosity fluid suitable for droplet ejection. For this reason, it would prove beneficial to have some means of altering the material properties of the droplets during their travel to the substrate. Due to the inherent irregularities in droplet ejection systems, increases in the associated throw-distances and travel times generally cause decreased resolution in placement. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the potential of a linear electrodyamic quadrupole for use in constraining the trajectories of charged microdroplets to allow for modification of their material properties prior to deposition. The equations of motion for the droplets within the device were derived and integrated numerically. Approximate bounds on the system stability were determined and the effects of the respective parameters were considered. An experimental system was constructed and used for deposition experiments. The results obtained, show that a linear quadrupole can be used to focus microdroplet streams for deposition, and that the corresponding operating variables can be predicted from the governing equations

Layer Formations in Electron Beam Sintering

Among direct metal processing manufacturing technologies (Rapid Manufacturing), Electron Beam Sintering (EBS) exhibits a high application potential. Especially, the fast beam deflection provided by electromagnetic lenses allows the realization of considerable building speeds and minor residual stresses. Therefore, this paper aims to examine and utilize the given potential for additive layer manufacturing. In this context, the deployed scanning strategy is a very important aspect. By means of an increasing computer power, innovative and flexible patterns for the solidification of the powder can be implemented. Thus, different patterns are being examined and evaluated. Finally, occurring effects in the exposed zone are introduced.Mechanical Engineerin

Solar powered Stirling cycle electrical generator

Under NASA's Civil Space Technology Initiative (CSTI), the NASA Lewis Research Center is developing the technology needed for free-piston Stirling engines as a candidate power source for space systems in the late 1990's and into the next century. Space power requirements include high efficiency, very long life, high reliability, and low vibration. Furthermore, system weight and operating temperature are important. The free-piston Stirling engine has the potential for a highly reliable engine with long life because it has only a few moving parts, non-contacting gas bearings, and can be hermetically sealed. These attributes of the free-piston Stirling engine also make it a viable candidate for terrestrial applications. In cooperation with the Department of Energy, system designs are currently being completed that feature the free-piston Stirling engine for terrestrial applications. Industry teams were assembled and are currently completing designs for two Advanced Stirling Conversion Systems utilizing technology being developed under the NASA CSTI Program. These systems, when coupled with a parabolic mirror to collect the solar energy, are capable of producing about 25 kW of electricity to a utility grid. Industry has identified a niche market for dish Stirling systems for worldwide remote power application. They believe that these niche markets may play a major role in the introduction of Stirling products into the commercial market

Energy efficiency opportunities in the service plants of cast iron foundries in Italy

Though in a foundry most of the energy is used in the process plants and particularly in energizing furnaces, service plants require absolutely large amounts of energy, above all as electricity. The most energy consuming service is compressed air preparation, but large amounts are due to lighting, HVAC, pumps and fans. These energy users are common to most of industrial branches with different weights both in absolute and relative terms. This paper reports on the experience of some energy audits carried out in five Italian cast iron foundries allowing to identify the relative importance of different services in this industrial branch. The analysis is based on real data measured during the audits. Energy saving actions were then conceived, comparing the results of new technologies applied in some factory sectors and the energy usage of the previous equipment