Silver nanoparticles green synthesis: A mini review

Nanotechnology is a significant field of contemporary research dealing with design, synthesis, and manipulation of particle structures ranging from in the region of 1-100 nm. Nanoparticles (NPs) have broad choice of applications in areas such as fitness care, cosmetics, foodstuff and feed, environmental health, mechanics, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, electronics, space industries, drug-gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, single electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photo-electrochemical applications. Nano Biotechnology is a speedily mounting scientific field of producing and constructing devices, an important area of research in nano biotechnology is the synthesis of NPs with different chemical compositions, sizes and morphologies, and controlled dispersities. Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have been the subjects of researchers because of their unique properties (e.g., size and shape depending optical, antimicrobial, and electrical properties). A variety of preparation techniques have been reported for the synthesis of silver NPs; notable examples include, laser ablation, gamma irradiation, electron irradiation, chemical reduction, photochemical methods, microwave processing, and biological synthetic methods. This assessment presents a general idea of silver nanoparticle preparation. The aim of this analysis article is, therefore, to replicate on the existing state and potential prediction, especially the potentials and limitations of the above mentioned techniques for industries

Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Property of Ag-Nanoparticles and Prospects as Imminent Multi-Functional Colorant

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Elektrohemijska sinteza i karakterizacija nanokompozita polivinil-alkohola I nanočestica srebra

In this doctoral dissertation, a composite hydrogel consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol), graphene and silver nanoparticles, (Ag/PVA/Gr), was prepared by the immobilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene (PVA/Gr) hydrogel matrix in two steps. The first step was cross linking of the PVA/Gr colloid solution by the freezing/thawing method, while in the second step, in situ electrochemical method was used to incorporate AgNPs inside the PVA/Gr hydrogel matrix. The main aim of this study was to produce the nanocomposite graphene-based biomaterial with incorporated silver nanoparticles using in situ electrochemical method, aimed for soft tissue implants, wound dressings and drug delivery. The electrochemical route of nanoparticles synthesis is especially attractive for biomedical applications due to high purity and precise size control of metal particles and the absence of chemical cross linking agents and undesired products. Repeated cyclic freezing/thawing method was used to prepare poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA and poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene (PVA/Gr) hydrogel discs, followed by electrochemical reduction method of different concentrations of Ag+ ions (0.25, 0.5,1.0 and 3.9 mM AgNO3 swelling solution) inside the hydrogel polymer matrices at a constant voltage that enables the silver particle size control, in a specially designed electrochemical cell. Silver/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Ag/PVA) and silver/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene (Ag/PVA/Gr) nanocomposites were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy. The absorption spectra at about 405-420 nm proved existence of AgNPs in both Ag/PVA and Ag/PVA/Gr nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammetry revealed some oxidation and reduction peaks suggesting the presence of AgNPs between polymer chains. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the graphene structure in its pure form, X-ray diffraction was used to reveal the additional interactions established between the PVA molecules and graphene sheets and the AgNPs situated between the polymer chains in viii the Ag/PVA/Gr nanocomposite. The calculated interspacing (d-spacing) value for (002) lattice plane of the PVA and Ag/PVA hydrogels was 0.457 nm, while the obtained value changed slightly with the introduction of graphene sheets (0.449 nm for Ag/PVA/Gr nanocomposite). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results for both Ag/PVA and Ag/PVA/Gr nanocomposites suggested the interaction between AgNPs and hydroxyl groups of the PVA molecules through decoupling between the corresponding vibrations. Thermogravimetric analysis and corresponding differential thermal analysis were done to investigate the role of graphene sheets in the thermal stability of thus prepared nanocomposite samples, and the results showed higher stability of Ag/PVA/Gr than Ag/PVA nanocomposites. Morphology of the prepared PVA, PVA/Gr, Ag/PVA and Ag/PVA/Gr samples were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) technique and the microphotographs showed sphere-shaped AgNPs at nanoscale levels which were around 36 nm in the Ag/PVA and around 17 nm in the Ag/PVA/Gr nanocomposites...Ova doktorska disertacija se bavi sintezom hidrogelova polivinil-alkohola, grafena i nanočestica srebra (Ag/PVA/Gr), imobilizacijom nanočestica srebra u matrici hidrogela polivinil-alkohol/grafen (PVA/Gr) u dva koraka. Prvi korak je umrežavanje koloidnog rastvora PVA/Gr metodom zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja, dok je u drugom koraku primenjena in situ elektrohemijska metoda za inkorporaciju nanočestica srebra u matrici PVA/Gr hidrogela. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je bila priprema nanokompozitnih biomaterijala na bazi grafena sa inkorporisanim nanočesticama srebra, sa mogućom primenom u vidu implantata mekog tkiva, obloga za rane i nosača za lekove. Elektrohemijski postupak sinteze nanočestica je posebno atraktivan za primene u biomedicini, zbog velike čistoće i mogućnosti precizne kontrole dobijenih nanočestica, kao i zbog odsustva hemijskih agenasa i neželjenih produkata. Metoda umrežavanja cikličnim zamrzavanjem i odmrzavanjem je korišćena u cilju dobijanja polivinil-alkohol (PVA) i polivinil-alkohol/grafen (PVA/Gr) hidrogelova u obliku diskova, a zatim je izvršena elektrohemijska redukcija Ag+ jona različitih koncentracija (0,25, 0,5,1,0 i 3,9 mM AgNO3 swelling solution) u polimernoj matrici hidrogela, na konstantnom naponu, što omogućava kontrolu dimenzija čestica srebra, u posebno dizajniranoj elektrohemijskoj ćeliji. Srebro/polivinil-alkohol (Ag/PVA) i srebro/polivinil-alkohol/grafen (Ag/PVA/Gr) nanokompoziti su karakterisani UV-vidljivom spektroskopijom. Apsorpcioni spektri sa maksimumom na oko 405-420 nm su dokazali prisustvo nanočestica srebra u Ag/PVA i Ag/PVA/Gr nanokompozitima. Cikličnom voltametrijom su pokazani pikovi oksidacije i redukcije koji ukazuju na prisustvo nanočestica srebra u polimernoj matrici. Ramanova spektroskopija je potvrdila čistu grafensku strukturu, dok je rendgenska difrakcija korišćena za ispitivanje interakcija između PVA molekula sa grafenom i nanočesticama srebra, smeštenim između polimernih lanaca Ag/PVA/Gr nanokompozita. Izračunato rastojanje između krisalnih xi ravni za (002) ravan u PVA i Ag/PVA hidrogelovima je iznosilo 0.457 nm, dok se ova vrednost promenila nakon inkorporacije grafena (0.449 nm za Ag/PVA/Gr nanokompozit). Rezultati analize infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Furijeovom transformacijom (FTIR) za Ag/PVA i Ag/PVA/Gr nanokompozite su ukazali na interakcije između nanočestica srebra i hidroksilnih grupa na PVA molekulima, na osnovu razdvajanja odgovarajućih vibracionih traka. Termogravimetrijska analiza i diferencijalna termogravimetrijska analiza su korišćene radi ispitivanja termičke stabilnosti dobijenih uzoraka hidrogelova, a rezultati su pokazali povećanu stabilnost Ag/PVA/Gr u odnosu na Ag/PVA nanokompozite. Morfologija dobijenih uzoraka PVA, PVA/Gr, Ag/PVA i Ag/PVA/Gr je ispitana tehnikom skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije (FE-SEM), a na mikrografijama su uočene čestice srebra sfernog oblika i nanometarskih dimenzija oko 36 nm u Ag/PVA i oko 17 nm u Ag/PVA/Gr nanokompozitu..

Copper nanocrystals-based conductive inks for printed electronics

Copper (Cu) is an inexpensive and conductive metal that upon inclusion into liquid solvents, forms a conductive ink. However, metallic Cu and solvents do not mix at room temperature. To integrate both components, Cu must be in a state that enables dissolution or dispersion in the liquid media. Here, we achieve that by manufacturing Cu nanoparticles (~10-9 m) capped with organic molecules that are soluble in selected solvents. We developed a cost-effective method to produce these Cu nanoparticles of different sizes, studied the surrounding molecules and demonstrated that we could adapt solvent compatibility of the Cu particles by changing the nature of the surface ligands. By depositing these inks onto a substrate, conductive films with electrical functionalities could be obtained, paving the way for printable circuitry

A class of multifunctional smart energy materials

Funding Information: S. Goswami would like to thank to Lisboa2020 Programme, Centro 2020 programme, Portugal 2020, European Union, through the European Social Fund who supported LISBOA-05-3559-FSE-000007 and CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000094 operations as well as to Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and Agência Nacional de Inovação (ANI). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The AuthorsPolymer material provides significant advantages over the conventional inorganic material-based electronics due to its attractive features including miniaturized dimension and feasible improvisations in physical properties through molecular design and chemical synthesis. In particular, conjugate polymers are of great interest because of their ability to control the energy gap and electronegativity through molecular design that has made possible the synthesis of conducting polymers with a range of ionization potentials and electron affinities. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most popular conjugated polymers that has been widely explored so far for its multifunctionality in diverse potential applications. This review is focusing on the recent advances of PANI for smart energy applications including supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells and nanogenerators and the development in its synthesis, design, and fabrication processes. A details investigation on the different types of chemical process has been discussed to fabricate PANI in nanostructures, film, and composites form. The paper includes several studies which are advantageous for understanding: the unique chemical and physical properties of this polymer; and the easily tunable electrical properties along with its redox behavior; and different processes to develop nanostructures, film, or bulk form of PANI that are useful to derive its applicability in smart objects or devices.publishersversionpublishe

Nanocomposite systems based on metal nanoparticles and polysaccharides for biomedical applications

2008/2009Questo lavoro riguarda lo sviluppo di materiali nanocompositi per applicazioni biomediche e si configura all’ interno del progetto europeo “Newbone” (EU-FP6); in particolare, lo scopo principale della tesi era realizzare un rivestimento biocompatibile e dotato di proprietà antibatteriche per protesi ortopediche. Sono stati preparati sistemi nanocompositi basati su un polisaccaride derivato dal chitosano (Chitlac) che permette di ottenere soluzioni colloidali di nanoparticelle (argento e oro) con proprietà antibatteriche. Parallelamente, è stato studiato un particolare meccanismo chimico di riduzione degli ioni argento ad opera dei residui di lattitolo del Chitlac; le proprietà ottiche delle nanoparticelle ottenute attraverso questo meccanismo sono state valutate attraverso spettroscopia Raman, evidenziando la possibilità di avere un incremento del segnale grazie al verificarsi dell’ effetto SERS. Essendo state riscontrate migliori proprietà biologiche del sistema a base di argento (Chitlac-nAg) rispetto a quello a base di oro in termini di efficacia antimicrobica e biocompatibilità, Chitlac-nAg è stato scelto per i successivi studi di realizzazione del rivestimento per la protesi. Test sul meccanismo antimicrobico della soluzione ChitlacnAg hanno dimostrato l’interazione tra le nanoparticelle e la membrana batterica. Allo stesso tempo, poiché la mancanza di barriere fisiche può favorire la diffusione delle nanoparticelle all’ interno delle cellule eucariote con rischio di effetti citotossici causati dalla loro internalizzazione, si è voluto realizzare delle strutture tridimensionali a base di Chitlac in grado di intrappolare le nanoparticelle. A questo scopo, sono state sfruttate le proprietà di gelificazione del polisaccaride alginato in modo da ottenere un sistema semi-solido in miscela con Chitlac-nAg; il materiale ottenuto possiede marcate proprietà antibatteriche senza però risultare tossico per le cellule eucariote, come dimostrato da test in vitro e in vivo. Questo risultato è particolarmente importante in relazione allo stato dell’ arte sull’ argomento. Poiché la parte portante della protesi è costituita da un polimero metacrilico, al fine di rivestire questo materiale di substrato è stata messa a punto una tecnica basata sull’ attivazione della superficie e successiva deposizione del rivestimento a base di Chitlac. Questa tecnica permette di ottenere un rivestimento nanocomposito costituito da nanoparticelle di argento incorporate nella matrice di Chitlac. Grazie a questo strato bioattivo la superficie della protesi acquisisce un’ efficace attività antibatterica che si manifesta quando i batteri entrano in diretto contatto con il materiale. Inoltre, test in vitro hanno dimostrato che le cellule eucariote aderiscono e proliferano sul rivestimento nanocomposito, suggerendo quindi una buona integrazione del materiale nei tessuti attorno all’ impianto. La combinazione di tali proprietà ha determinato la scelta di questo rivestimento per il test in vivo su “minipig” a conclusione del progetto europeo: questo test è al momento in via di svolgimento e da esso ci si può attendere una conferma degli incoraggianti risultati ottenuti dagli studi in vitro.The present work is focused on the development of nanocomposite systems for biomedical applications and has been carried out in the framework of the European Project called “Newbone” (EU-FP6); in particular, the main goal of the thesis was to realize biocompatible coatings for orthopedic prosthesis endowed with antimicrobial properties. Nanocomposite systems based on a chitosan-derived polysaccharide (Chitlac) that stabilizes metal nanoparticles (silver and gold) have been prepared in colloidal solutions which possess broad spectrum antibacterial properties. As a complementary work, it was studied and defined a particular chemical mechanism of silver ions reduction carried out by the lactose moieties of Chitlac; the optical properties of the metallic nanoparticles obtained through this mechanism were tested by means of Raman spectroscopy, thus detecting considerable enhancements of the signal due to the SERS effect (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering). Given the better biological properties of silver-based systems (Chitlac-nAg) with respect to gold in terms of antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility, only the former metal was chosen in the following steps towards the preparation of the nanocomposite coating for the prosthesis. Studies on the biocidal mechanism of the Chitlac-nAg solution ascribed the activity to the interaction metal-bacteria membrane. On the other hand, since the lack of physical barriers to nanoparticle diffusion into eukaryotic cells determines the risk of a massive uptake with cytotoxic outcomes, we focused our attention toward the preparation of Chitlac-based threedimensional structures entrapping silver nanoparticles. To this end, the gel forming properties of the polysaccharide alginate were exploited allowing the production of a semi-solid system in a mixture with Chitlac-nAg: this material displays potent antibacterial properties without showing cytotoxic effects towards eukaryotic cells, as verified by in vitro and in vivo tests. Such result was particularly important in relation to the state of the art in this research field. Since the core material of the prosthesis is made of methacrylic thermosets, in order to coat this substrate material we have devised a technique based on surface activation followed by deposition of the Chitlac-based layer. Such technique allows obtaining a nanocomposite coating where silver nanoparticles are entrapped within the Chitlac matrix. This bioactive layer endows the thermoset surface with considerable antimicrobial properties, as bacteria are rapidly killed upon direct contact with the material. At the same time, in vitro tests proved that eukaryotic cells adhere and proliferate on the nanocomposite coating, which indicates the possibility to have good integration of the material in the tissues surrounding the implant. The combination of these properties determined the choice of our coating for the final in vivo test in a minipig model as a conclusion of the European project; this test is in progress at the moment and it will hopefully confirm the encouraging studies in vitro.XXII Ciclo198

Wet chemical synthesis of nano and submicron Al particles for the preparation of Ni and Ru aluminides

Aufgrund ihrer großen Oberfläche besitzen Nanopartikel eine im Vergleich zu Mikropartikeln stark erhöhte Reaktivität. Während diese beispielsweise bei Thermiten in Form von Nanothermiten bereits ausgenutzt wird, ist ihre Verwendung zur Herstellung von Aluminiden unüblich. Zur Herstellung von Nanopartikeln haben sich unter anderem nasschemische Methoden etabliert. Diese Arbeit soll daher die Eignung nasschemisch hergestellter Nanopartikel zur Synthese von binären Ni and Ru Aluminiden untersuchen. Dazu wurde zunächst die nasschemische Synthese von Al Partikeln untersucht. Es wurde eine Methode zur Synthese von Al-Partikeln mit Größen von 100 – 150 nm mittels thermischer Zersetzung von Triisobutylaluminium entwickelt. Bei der Synthese mittels katalytischer Zersetzung von Alanen wurde der Einfluss der Reaktionsparameter auf die die Größe und Morphologie der Partikel systematisch untersucht. Um eine gute Durchmischung und einen guten Partikelkontakt zu erreichen wurde zur Synthese von binären Aluminiden eine Eintopfsynthese entwickelt. Dabei erfolgte zunächst die Synthese von Al Partikeln mittels Zersetzung von Triisobutylaluminium, bevor das zweite Metall durch Zersetzung einer geeigneten Vorstufe, wie Bis(cycloocta-1,5-dien)nickel(0) oder Ru3(CO)12, eingebracht wurde. Verglichen mit Systemen aus getrennt hergestellten Partikeln konnten diese Gemische durch thermische Behandlung mit höheren Umsätzen und niedrigeren Onsettemperaturen zu den jeweiligen Aluminiden umgesetzt werden.Due to their large surface, nanoparticles are exhibiting a highly increased reactivity compared to microparticles. While this is for example already exploited in the field of thermites in the form of nanothermites, their application for the preparation of aluminides is uncommon. Amongst others, wet chemical methods have been established for the preparation of nanoparticles. Thus, this work studies the suitability of wet chemically prepared nanoparticles for the preparation of binary Ni and Ru aluminides. The wet chemical synthesis of Al particles was studied. A method for the preparation of Al particles with sizes of 100 – 150 nm via a thermal decomposition of triisobutylaluminum was developed. Within the catalytic decomposition approach, the influence of the reaction parameters on the size and morphology of the resulting particles was systematically studied. To ensure a good intermixing and a good particle contact, a one-pot synthesis protocol was developed for the preparation of binary aluminides. Within this protocol, Al particles were prepared via a decomposition of triisobutylaluminum followed by the decomposition of a suitable precursor of the additional metal, such as bis(cycloocta-1,5-diene)nickel(0) or Ru3(CO)12. Compared to samples prepared from separately synthesized particles, these mixtures were reacted with increased yields as well as lower onset temperatures to the respective aluminides by a thermal treatment