171 research outputs found

    Towards formal models and languages for verifiable Multi-Robot Systems

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    Incorrect operations of a Multi-Robot System (MRS) may not only lead to unsatisfactory results, but can also cause economic losses and threats to safety. These threats may not always be apparent, since they may arise as unforeseen consequences of the interactions between elements of the system. This call for tools and techniques that can help in providing guarantees about MRSs behaviour. We think that, whenever possible, these guarantees should be backed up by formal proofs to complement traditional approaches based on testing and simulation. We believe that tailored linguistic support to specify MRSs is a major step towards this goal. In particular, reducing the gap between typical features of an MRS and the level of abstraction of the linguistic primitives would simplify both the specification of these systems and the verification of their properties. In this work, we review different agent-oriented languages and their features; we then consider a selection of case studies of interest and implement them useing the surveyed languages. We also evaluate and compare effectiveness of the proposed solution, considering, in particular, easiness of expressing non-trivial behaviour.Comment: Changed formattin

    Visual attention and swarm cognition for off-road robots

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    Tese de doutoramento, InformĂĄtica (Engenharia InformĂĄtica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de CiĂȘncias, 2011Esta tese aborda o problema da modelação de atenção visual no contexto de robĂŽs autĂłnomos todo-o-terreno. O objectivo de utilizar mecanismos de atenção visual Ă© o de focar a percepção nos aspectos do ambiente mais relevantes Ă  tarefa do robĂŽ. Esta tese mostra que, na detecção de obstĂĄculos e de trilhos, esta capacidade promove robustez e parcimĂłnia computacional. Estas sĂŁo caracterĂ­sticas chave para a rapidez e eficiĂȘncia dos robĂŽs todo-o-terreno. Um dos maiores desafios na modelação de atenção visual advĂ©m da necessidade de gerir o compromisso velocidade-precisĂŁo na presença de variaçÔes de contexto ou de tarefa. Esta tese mostra que este compromisso Ă© resolvido se o processo de atenção visual for modelado como um processo auto-organizado, cuja operação Ă© modulada pelo mĂłdulo de selecção de acção, responsĂĄvel pelo controlo do robĂŽ. Ao fechar a malha entre o processo de selecção de acção e o de percepção, o Ășltimo Ă© capaz de operar apenas onde Ă© necessĂĄrio, antecipando as acçÔes do robĂŽ. Para fornecer atenção visual com propriedades auto-organizadas, este trabalho obtĂ©m inspiração da Natureza. Concretamente, os mecanismos responsĂĄveis pela capacidade que as formigas guerreiras tĂȘm de procurar alimento de forma auto-organizada, sĂŁo usados como metĂĄfora na resolução da tarefa de procurar, tambĂ©m de forma auto-organizada, obstĂĄculos e trilhos no campo visual do robĂŽ. A solução proposta nesta tese Ă© a de colocar vĂĄrios focos de atenção encoberta a operar como um enxame, atravĂ©s de interacçÔes baseadas em feromona. Este trabalho representa a primeira realização corporizada de cognição de enxame. Este Ă© um novo campo de investigação que procura descobrir os princĂ­pios bĂĄsicos da cognição, inspeccionando as propriedades auto-organizadas da inteligĂȘncia colectiva exibida pelos insectos sociais. Logo, esta tese contribui para a robĂłtica como disciplina de engenharia e para a robĂłtica como disciplina de modelação, capaz de suportar o estudo do comportamento adaptĂĄvel.Esta tese aborda o problema da modelação de atenção visual no contexto de robĂŽs autĂłnomos todo-o-terreno. O objectivo de utilizar mecanismos de atenção visual Ă© o de focar a percepção nos aspectos do ambiente mais relevantes Ă  tarefa do robĂŽ. Esta tese mostra que, na detecção de obstĂĄculos e de trilhos, esta capacidade promove robustez e parcimĂłnia computacional. Estas sĂŁo caracterĂ­sticas chave para a rapidez e eficiĂȘncia dos robĂŽs todo-o-terreno. Um dos maiores desafios na modelação de atenção visual advĂ©m da necessidade de gerir o compromisso velocidade-precisĂŁo na presença de variaçÔes de contexto ou de tarefa. Esta tese mostra que este compromisso Ă© resolvido se o processo de atenção visual for modelado como um processo auto-organizado, cuja operação Ă© modulada pelo mĂłdulo de selecção de acção, responsĂĄvel pelo controlo do robĂŽ. Ao fechar a malha entre o processo de selecção de acção e o de percepção, o Ășltimo Ă© capaz de operar apenas onde Ă© necessĂĄrio, antecipando as acçÔes do robĂŽ. Para fornecer atenção visual com propriedades auto-organizadas, este trabalho obtĂ©m inspi- ração da Natureza. Concretamente, os mecanismos responsĂĄveis pela capacidade que as formi- gas guerreiras tĂȘm de procurar alimento de forma auto-organizada, sĂŁo usados como metĂĄfora na resolução da tarefa de procurar, tambĂ©m de forma auto-organizada, obstĂĄculos e trilhos no campo visual do robĂŽ. A solução proposta nesta tese Ă© a de colocar vĂĄrios focos de atenção encoberta a operar como um enxame, atravĂ©s de interacçÔes baseadas em feromona. Este trabalho representa a primeira realização corporizada de cognição de enxame. Este Ă© um novo campo de investigação que procura descobrir os princĂ­pios bĂĄsicos da cognição, ins- peccionando as propriedades auto-organizadas da inteligĂȘncia colectiva exibida pelos insectos sociais. Logo, esta tese contribui para a robĂłtica como disciplina de engenharia e para a robĂłtica como disciplina de modelação, capaz de suportar o estudo do comportamento adaptĂĄvel.Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e a Tecnologia (FCT,SFRH/BD/27305/2006); Laboratory of Agent Modelling (LabMag

    Artificial societies and information theory: modelling of sub system formation based on Luhmann's autopoietic theory

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    This thesis develops a theoretical framework for the generation of artificial societies. In particular it shows how sub-systems emerge when the agents are able to learn and have the ability to communicate. This novel theoretical framework integrates the autopoietic hypothesis of human societies, formulated originally by the German sociologist Luhmann, with concepts of Shannon's information theory applied to adaptive learning agents. Simulations were executed using Multi-Agent-Based Modelling (ABM), a relatively new computational modelling paradigm involving the modelling of phenomena as dynamical systems of interacting agents. The thesis in particular, investigates the functions and properties necessary to reproduce the paradigm of society by using the mentioned ABM approach. Luhmann has proposed that in society subsystems are formed to reduce uncertainty. Subsystems can then be composed by agents with a reduced behavioural complexity. For example in society there are people who produce goods and other who distribute them. Both the behaviour and communication is learned by the agent and not imposed. The simulated task is to collect food, keep it and eat it until sated. Every agent communicates its energy state to the neighbouring agents. This results in two subsystems whereas agents in the first collect food and in the latter steal food from others. The ratio between the number of agents that belongs to the first system and to the second system, depends on the number of food resources. Simulations are in accordance with Luhmann, who suggested that adaptive agents self-organise by reducing the amount of sensory information or, equivalently, reducing the complexity of the perceived environment from the agent's perspective. Shannon's information theorem is used to assess the performance of the simulated learning agents. A practical measure, based on the concept of Shannon's information ow, is developed and applied to adaptive controllers which use Hebbian learning, input correlation learning (ICO/ISO) and temporal difference learning. The behavioural complexity is measured with a novel information measure, called Predictive Performance, which is able to measure at a subjective level how good an agent is performing a task. This is then used to quantify the social division of tasks in a social group of honest, cooperative food foraging, communicating agents

    Organisation of foraging in ants

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    In social insects, foraging is often cooperative, and so requires considerable organisation. In most ants, organisation is a bottom-up process where decisions taken by individuals result in emergent colony level patterns. Individuals base their decisions on their internal state, their past experience, and their environment. By depositing trail pheromones, for example, ants can alter the environment, and thus affect the behaviour of their nestmates. The development of emergent patterns depends on both how individuals affect the environment, and how they react to changes in the environment. Chapters 4 – 9 investigate the role of trail pheromones and route memory in the ant Lasius niger. Route memories can form rapidly and be followed accurately, and when route memories and trail pheromones contradict each other, ants overwhelmingly follow route memories (chapter 4). Route memories and trail pheromones can also interact synergistically, allowing ants to forage faster without sacrificing accuracy (chapter 5). Home range markings also interact with other information sources to affect ant behaviour (chapter 6). Trail pheromones assist experienced ants when facing complex, difficult-to-learn routes (chapter 7). When facing complicated routes, ants deposit more pheromone to assist in navigation and learning (chapter 7). Deposition of trail pheromones is suppressed by ants leaving a marked path (chapter 5), strong pheromone trails (chapter 7) and trail crowding (chapter 8). Colony level ‘decisions’ can be driven by factors other than trail pheromones, such as overcrowding at a food source (chapter 9). Chapter 10 reviews the many roles of trail pheromones in ants. Chapters 11 – 14 focus on the organisation of cooperative food retrieval. Pheidole oxyops workers arrange themselves non-randomly around items to increase transport speeds (chapter 11). Groups of ants will rotate food items to reduce drag (chapter 12). Chapters 13 and 14 encompass the ecology of cooperative transport, and how it has shaped trail pheromone recruitment in P. oxyops and Paratrechina longicornis. Lastly, chapter 15 provide a comprehensive review of cooperative transport in ants and elsewhere
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