Classification of innovation considering technological interaction

Abstract. This study here categorizes innovations considering the taxonomic characteristics of interaction between technologies in complex systems. The proposed classification, in a broad analogy with the ecology, includes four categories of technology considering the typology of their interaction: 1) technological parasitism is a relationship between two technologies A and B in which A benefits from the interaction with B, whereas B has a negative side from interaction with A; 2) technological commensalism is a relationship between technologies where technology A benefits from B without affecting it; 3) technological mutualism is a relationship in which technologies A and B benefit from the activity of the other; finally, 4) technological symbiosis is a long-term interaction between A and B technologies that generates coevolution in complex systems. This classification can predict evolutionary pathways of technologies. This study here begins the process of clarifying typologies of interactive technologies that explain the long-run evolution of technology. The theoretical framework can be a ground work for development of more sophisticated theories to clarify technological change.Keywords. Classification of innovation, Technological interaction, Technical change, Technological evolution, Evolution of technology, Complex systems.JEL. B50, B59, O30, O33, O39

Genomics of clownfish adaptive radiation

How species diversify, creating the astonishing biodiversity observed on Earth, has been a central question since Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. Thanks to the sequencing revolution, this question can be approached today from a genomic perspective, examining how intrinsic genomic architecture and extrinsic biological and ecological factors interplay to shape the diversification of organisms. In this sense, clownfishes, which experienced an adaptive radiation following the acquisition of mutualism with sea anemones, represent a fascinating system. Thus, in this thesis, I combine comparative and population genomics approaches to study the genomic architecture underlying the diversification of this group. In the first two sections, I generate genomic resources for ten closely related but ecologically divergent clownfish species and the damselfish Pomacentrus moluccensis. Using this data, I question the genetic mechanisms underlying the acquisition of mutualism. I identify several candidate genes that experienced positive selection at the basis of clownfish radiation and show functions associated with sea anemones toxins discharge, thus likely involved in the evolution of clownfishes' ability to live unharmed within their otherwise-toxic hosts. In the last two sections, I dive into the diversification process of clownfishes. Through comparative genomics approaches, I show that the group experienced bursts of transposable elements, overall accelerated molecular evolution, and ancestral hybridization events, which likely facilitated the radiation of the group by generating the genomic variations necessary for natural selection to act on. I identify genes undergoing differential selective pressures linked with ecological divergence, suggesting that parallel evolution is shaping clownfish diversification, and I pinpoint candidate genes involved in the evolution of the particular size- based hierarchical social structure observed in the group. I finally focus on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of a clownfish clade, the skunk complex. Through population genomics approaches, I demonstrate that gene flow occurred throughout the diversification of the group. Indeed, the species experienced moderate ancestral gene flow, which lessened but still persists in sympatry. Moreover, contrary to what was previously suggested, I demonstrate that A. sandaracinos did not originate from hybrid speciation. I finally pinpoint candidate regions of introgression between species that likely played a role in the diversification of the complex. Overall, my work provides the first insights into the genomic mechanisms underlying clownfish adaptive radiation. -- Comprendre comment les espèces se diversifient et créent l'étonnante biodiversité observée sur Terre sont des questions centrales depuis l’écriture de l’Origine des espèces par Darwin. Grâce à la révolution du séquençage, ces questions peuvent être abordées aujourd'hui en examinant comment l'architecture génomique et les facteurs biologiques et écologiques interagissent et mènent à la diversification des organismes. En ce sens, les poissons-clowns, qui ont connu une radiation adaptative suite à l'acquisition du mutualisme avec les anémones de mer, représentent un système fascinant. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, j’étudie l'architecture génomique qui sous-tend la diversification de ce groupe. Dans les deux premières sections, je génère des ressources génomiques pour dix espèces de poissons-clowns ainsi que pour l’espèce de demoiselle Pomacentrus moluccensis. À partir de ces données, je questionne les mécanismes génétiques qui sous-tendent l'acquisition du mutualisme. J’identifie plusieurs gènes ayant subi une sélection positive à la base du rayonnement des poissons-clowns. Ces gènes ont des fonctions associées à la décharge des toxines des anémones, suggérant donc une implication dans l'évolution de la capacité des poissons-clowns à vivre au sein de leurs hôtes normalement toxiques. Dans les deux dernières sections, je me plonge dans le processus de diversification des poissons-clowns. Grâce à des approches de génomique comparative, je montre non seulement que ce groupe compte une importante quantité d'éléments transposables au sein de son génome, mais qu’il a également subi une évolution moléculaire accélérée ainsi que des événements d'hybridation ancestrale. La combinaison de ces différents éléments a probablement facilité leur diversification en générant les variations génomiques nécessaires à l'action de la sélection naturelle. J’identifie également des gènes ayant subi des pressions de sélection différentielles en lien avec des divergences écologiques, suggérant donc un processus d’évolution parallèle impliquée dans la diversification des poissons-clowns. Finalement, je me suis concentrée sur les mécanismes liés à l'évolution d'un clade de poisson- clown - le clade “skunk”. Je démontre qu’un flux de gènes modéré s'est produit tout au long de la diversification de ce groupe, et - bien que son amplitude ait diminué avec le temps - il persiste encore en sympatrie. De plus, j’identifie des régions candidates d'introgression entre espèces qui ont probablement joué un rôle dans la diversification du complexe. Dans l'ensemble, mon travail fournit les premières informations concernant les mécanismes génomiques impliqués dans la radiation adaptative des poissons-clowns

Uniting micro- with macroevolution into an Extended Synthesis: Reintegrating life’s natural history into evolution studies.

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

JIDOKA. Integration of Human and AI within Industry 4.0 Cyber Physical Manufacturing Systems

This book is about JIDOKA, a Japanese management technique coined by Toyota that consists of imbuing machines with human intelligence. The purpose of this compilation of research articles is to show industrial leaders innovative cases of digitization of value creation processes that have allowed them to improve their performance in a sustainable way. This book shows several applications of JIDOKA in the quest towards an integration of human and AI within Industry 4.0 Cyber Physical Manufacturing Systems. From the use of artificial intelligence to advanced mathematical models or quantum computing, all paths are valid to advance in the process of human–machine integration

Complete reannotation of the Arabidopsis genome: methods, tools, protocols and the final release

BACKGROUND: Since the initial publication of its complete genome sequence, Arabidopsis thaliana has become more important than ever as a model for plant research. However, the initial genome annotation was submitted by multiple centers using inconsistent methods, making the data difficult to use for many applications. RESULTS: Over the course of three years, TIGR has completed its effort to standardize the structural and functional annotation of the Arabidopsis genome. Using both manual and automated methods, Arabidopsis gene structures were refined and gene products were renamed and assigned to Gene Ontology categories. We present an overview of the methods employed, tools developed, and protocols followed, summarizing the contents of each data release with special emphasis on our final annotation release (version 5). CONCLUSION: Over the entire period, several thousand new genes and pseudogenes were added to the annotation. Approximately one third of the originally annotated gene models were significantly refined yielding improved gene structure annotations, and every protein-coding gene was manually inspected and classified using Gene Ontology terms

4th International Brachypodium Conference 2019 : ABSTRACT BOOK

Summary: SESSIONS S1: Natural diversity and evolution S2: Comparative genomics and transcriptomics S3: Development and growth S4: Tolerance and adaptation to abiotic stresses S5: Regulatory elements, networks and epigenomics S6: Polyploidy and perenniality S7: Ecology and environment S8: Adaptation to abiotic and biotic constrains S9: Crop and biomass crop translatio

Soybean isoflavonoid biosynthesis: constituents and circumstance at the transcriptomic and molecular levels

Isoflavonoids are specialized metabolites, almost exclusive to the legume family of plants. They are actors in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and in plant stress response. Isoflavonoids are noted for their human health benefits. Isoflavonoid content in legumes has proven to be a complex trait. The goal of the present research is to determine the mechanisms underlying isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean. The first approach was to unravel the genetic factors of isoflavonoid biosynthesis. A branch-point enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, chalcone isomerase (CHI), catalyzes the reaction producing flavanones, the nucleus for many downstream metabolites such as isoflavonoids. I identified twelve soybean CHI genes, including five new members. The evolutionary history of the family shows that the enzymatic fold evolved from being catalytically inactive to being a chalcone-to-flavanone isomerase. Four CHIs in soybean were identified with the latter functionality. The CHIs showed differential temporal and spatial expression, pointing to the potential function of CHI1A in soybean seed isoflavonoid production. On the molecular level of organization, the long-postulated model of a subcellular isoflavonoid enzyme complex forming at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was substantiated in the present study. Here, I identified key players in the ‘metabolon’, established in planta subcellular localization, and investigated protein-protein interaction. The results suggest that isoflavone synthase (IFS), a cytochrome P450, is a nucleating metabolic center at the surface of the ER, interacting with upstream pathway enzymes. Finally, a transcriptomic study was undertaken to find genetic elements linked with isoflavonoid content variation in four soybean cultivars. The results suggest that competing branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway are combinatorially regulated to coordinate flux into isoflavonoid biosynthesis. The candidate genes encode enzymes in the overlapping pathways, several transcription factors, metabolic transporters and more. Study of the CHI gene family and isoflavonoid biosynthesis has provided us with new insights into production and regulation of this important plant natural product. This knowledge can facilitate the manipulation of metabolic content and composition in legumes, and introduction of the isoflavonoid pathway into non-legume crops