Electromagnetic fast-transients in LV networks with ubiquitous small-scale embedded generation

Small-scale embedded generation projects rated below 16A per phase are being integrated into low-voltage distribution networks in ever increasing numbers. Seen from the network operator's perspective as little more than negative load, the commissioning of such generators is subject to compliance with the Fit and Forget connection requirements of ENA Engineering Recommendation G83/1. This thesis has sought to quantify the electromagnetic switching transient implications of integrating very large volumes of embedded generation into the UK's low-voltage supply networks. Laboratory testing of a converter-interfaced PV source has been undertaken to characterise typical switching transient waveshapes, and equivalent representative source models have been constructed in EMTP-ATP. A detailed frequency-dependent travelling wave equivalent of the DNO-approved Generic UK LV Distribution network model has been developed and, by means of extensive statistical simulation studies, used to quantify the cumulative impact of geographically localised generators switching in response to common network conditions. It is found that the magnitude of generator-induced voltage and current transients is dependent on the number of concurrently switched generators, and on their relative locations within the network. A theoretical maximum overvoltage of 1.72pu is predicted at customer nodes remote from the LV transformer terminals, for a scenario in which all households have installed embedded generation. Latent diversity in switch pole closing and inrush inception times is found to reduce predicted peak transient voltages to around 25-40% of their theoretical maxima

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Skylab Operations Handbook Command/Service Modules CSM 116 Thru 118

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CISBAT 2009: International Scientific Conference - Renewables in a changing climate - From Nano to Urban Scale

Centred on research and development in solar energy applications to the built environment, the international conference CISBAT 2009 highlighted a large number of interesting technological innovations. The discoveries and developments presented by scientists from five continents are all part of the effort to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions generated by buildings. Renewables are expected to play a very important role against the global threat of a changing climate, even more so as 2009 will hopefully see a new “Post-Kyoto” era in their favour to be initiated at the COP15 United National Climate Change Conference to be held in Copenhagen (Denmark).“Anti-crisis” programmes, which have been launched by several countries in favour of job creation within the framework of a “Green New Deal” will also contribute to sustain the solar momentum.The organisers of the CISBAT Conference, financially supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), therefore had no problem convincing their academic partners - Cambridge University (CU) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - to collaborate in the organisation of this event on the EPFL campus. More than 200 participants from 30 different countries were present during the two conference days and we are confident that they will be even more numerous at the next edition, as feedback from attendees encourages the organisers to increase the size and the duration of the CISBAT conference