The LADM Valuation Information Model and its application to the Turkey case

Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN GGIM, 2018) and the integrated geospatial information framework for any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Domain-specific standards, an integral component of the SDI, play an essential role to represent the semantics of domains, specify links between distributed registries and databases, and stimulate the development and implementation for Land Administration Systems (LAS). As an international descriptive standard providing an abstract conceptual schema, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been used and is being used as a reference for the implementation of LAS. Various approaches have been used for the LADM implementation that includes elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for the implementation (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2015). LADM focuses on a specific function of LA that is interested in Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (RRR) affecting land, and the geometrical components thereof. The land value function of LA is considered outside the scope in the first edition. Recently, for extending the flexible and modular basis of the LADM, a valuation information model is developed for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities. It identifies the links between property valuation and the other LA registries and databases (e.g., cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling registries) that may enable interoperability across systems. The conceptual schema of the model provides a common basis to direct the development of local and national valuation databases and information technology products and services, following an approach similar to the LADM implementation. The proposed LADM Valuation Information Model is on the agenda of the development of the second edition of LADM within ISO/TC211. The operability of the newly proposed conceptual model needs to be evaluated through technical implementation. This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the LADM Valuation Information Model and assesses its operability through a case study for Turkey. The primary aim of the paper is to test the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model using the required and produced data in recurrent valuation processes, but not to build a specific information management system for Turkey. As the implementation of a LADM compliant prototype initially requires the development of a country profile at conceptual level, methodologies applied for LADM profile development are examined and then a Turkish LADM Valuation Information Model country profile is proposed using the Conceptual Schema Languages (CSL) of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and INTERLIS. INTERLIS is a formal language as well as a set of software tools that support LADM implementations. Subsequently, approaches and tools used in the LADM implementation are investigated and utilized for the automated transformations from the country profile to several technical models. In this context, the article presents the experiences gained during the implementations. Moreover, strategies for implementing and managing property valuation information more efficiently (e.g. bi-temporal aspects of valuation information management) are also studied and applied to the implementation. The generated technical models are then populated with sample datasets related to recurrent property valuation including the geometries of valuation units, as well as valuation information covering several years. The developed prototype is then tested through a number of queries to assess whether the LADM Valuation Information Model fulfils information management needs of recurrent valuations. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a holistic approach on how to develop an LADM conformant prototype for managing property valuation information

Developing a Framework for Improving the Quality of a Deteriorated Land Administration System Based on an Exploratory Case Study in Pakistan

As in numerous other countries, the present Land Administration System (LAS) in Pakistan is not up-to-date and can even be considered as deteriorated. It is entirely based on paper land records and maps lacking standards with outdated information stored at different administrative levels of the responsible agencies. Such practice restricts the usefulness of reliable and quality land information for supporting tenure security to citizens, socio-economic development, and urban/rural development including infrastructure. To be able to understand, analyse and ultimately improve the present situation, this paper develops a framework for improving the quality of LAS. It gives ample attention to elements of an institutional and of a technical nature. In order to identify such elements to be included in the framework, theoretical perspectives on both institutional and technical aspects are firstly discussed. The selection of elements is done which is based on this in combination with the results from the case study. The exploratory case study was conducted in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. The main outcomes of this case study are described here, leading to two results. On the one hand, an initial picture of the institutional and technical situation of the LAS in Pakistan is depicted (to be detailed in further research). On the other hand, this picture is used to select the elements to be included in the framework for improving the quality of a deteriorated LAS. The selected elements are presented including their application to the case of Pakistan. Finally, the framework is developed that will help to describe, analyse and ultimately improve a deteriorated LAS

Põllumassiivide identifitseerimissüsteemi kontseptuaalne mudel: geoinfo huvigruppi kontseptuaalse mudeli loomine

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Käesolevas doktoritöös käsitletakse Põllumassiivide identifitseerimissüsteemi (Land Parcel Identification System, LPIS) Kontseptuaalse Mudeli (LPIS Conceptual Model, LCM) loomist ja selle kasutamist ruumiandmete standardiseerimisel, kvaliteedi hindamisel ja koostoimimisel teiste valdkondade ruumiandmetega. Mudelis käsitletud ruumiandmeid kasutatakse põllumajandustoetuste haldamise ja kontrolli eesmärgil ELi Ühise Põllumajanduspoliitika (ÜPP) raames. ÜPP raames makstavate toetuste haldamiseks on igas EL liikmesriigis asutatud Ühtne haldus-ja kontrollisüsteem (Eestis Põllumajandusregistrite amet, PRIA), mille ruumiandmeid haldav komponent on põllumassiivide register ehk identifitseerimissüsteem. Nõue kaardistada ja registreerida toetuskõlbulik maa on viinud olukorrani, kus põllumajandussektoris on tekkinud suur hulk ruumiandmeid. Viimase aastakümne jooksul on kasvanud ÜPP-ga seotud geoinformaatika sektor Euroopas. ÜPP-ga seotud geoinfo huvigrupp (Spatial Data Interest Community) hõlmab nii andmete tootjaid, haldajaid ja kasutajaid, kui ka IT rakenduste arendajaid ning kaugseire andmete tarnijaid. Vajadus hinnata registrite kvaliteeti ja selle vastavust EL määrustele ning tagada koostalitlusvõime keskkonnaalaseid nõudeid toetavate ruumiandmete ja süsteemidega, kutsus esile LCM-i loomise. Töö eesmärgiks oli edendada kontseptuaalmodelleerimist põlluregistrite ruumiandmete kvaliteedi hindamisel ja teiste geoinfo (eelkõige keskkonnakaitse) valdkondadega koostalitlusvõime arendamisel. LCM väljatöötamise metodoloogia aluseks oli ISO19100 seeria rahvusvaheliste standardite metoodika, mida samuti rakendavad ja laiendavad INSPIRE direktiivi printsiibid ja millele keskendutakse uurimistöö teoreetilises osas. Mudeli peamiseks sisendiks said ÜPP-d reguleeritavates määrustes sätestatud kontseptsioonide põhjalik käsitlus ja olemasolevate töötavate süsteemide analüüs, mis põhineb LPIS küsitluste tulemustel (Milenov ja Kay, 2006; Zieliński ja Sagris, 2008 ja 2009) ja hõlmab erinevate liikmesriikide põlluregistreid. Väitekirjas on keskendutud ÜPP otsetoetuste ärimudeli analüüsile ehk ÜPP toetustesüsteemi põhikontseptsioonidele, tehtud kokkuvõtted ja järeldused 2006. ja 2008. aasta küsimustikust. Küsimustikust saadut info laiendati EL põlluregistrite kvaliteedi hindamise programmi raames. LCM esimese versiooni keskmes on kaks klassi: ReferenceParcel ehk põllumassiiv ja AgriculturalParcel ehk toetustaotluses deklareeritud põld. ReferenceParcel-i klassi ülesandeks on toetuskõlbliku põllumaa identifitseerimine, lokaliseerimine ja pindala määramine. ReferenceParcel täidab „konteineri“ rolli deklareeritavate maatükkide suhtes. Kuid käsitletud põllumassiiviklassi alamtüüpe ning analüüsitud erinevaid põllumajanduslikke maakatte klassifitseerimise ja kaardistamise lähenemisviise EL liikmesriikides. Töö teisel etapil on otsitud võimalusi kahe mudeli – LCM ja Maakatastri infosüsteemi mudeli (Land Administration Domain Model, LADM, ISO 19152) – lõimiseks. Kaks mudelit on omavahel integreeritud uue ruumilise klassi SubCadParsel abil – katastriüksuse sees eristuvad maakatte tüübi alamüksused. Käsitletakse ka mõlema mudeli semantiliselt sarnaseid haldusklasse ja tehakse kindlaks uued seosed kahe mudeliklassi vahel. Ära on toodud põhjalik analüüs, millistes reaalse elu tingimustes võiks toimida kahe mudeli integreerimine. LCM viimane versioon keskendub kahele aspektile: (i) nende klasside modelleerimisele, mis toetavad vastavust keskkonna, tervise ja loomade heaolu majandamisnõuetele ning mis toetavad maa heade põllumajandus- ja keskkonnatingimuste kontrolli; (ii) mudeli kasutamisele põlluregistrite loogilise õigsuse (ehk EL määruste nõuetele vastavuse) testimiseks. Selleks on välja töötatud ISO19105 standardil põhinev testide kogum (Abstract Tests Suite, ATS), mis võimaldab kaardistada olemasolevaid LPIS registreid vastavalt LCM skeemile. ATS töötati välja ja testiti koostöös mitmete EL liikmesriikidega ja selle metodoloogia on osa Euroopa komisjoni poolt kehtestatud LPIS kvaliteedi tagamise raamprogrammist alates 2010. aastast. LCM-i kasutati ka LPIS testimise portaali prototüübi loomisel, mis koondas enda alla OGC ühilduvaid veebiteenuseid. Nende eesmärgiks on võimaldada andmevahetust rahvuslike põlluregistrite ja auditeerijatega Euroopa komisjonist. Eelvalitud põllumassiivide geograafiliste kihtide temaatilist ja positsioonilist õigsust kontrolliti liikmesriikide ekspertide poolt kõrge resolutsiooniga kaugseire andmete taustal. Selleks et võimaldata auditeerijate juurdepääsu kvaliteedikontrolli tulemustele, loodi kolm prototüüp-veebiteenust, kus kasutati LCM-i originaalandmete transformeerimiseks. Edasised uuringud kontsentreeruvad erinevate Euroopa põllumajandussüsteemide kajastamisele põlluregistite andmetes ja nende andmete kasutamise võimalustele põllumajanduspoliitika keskkonnamõju hindamisel. LPIS/IACS põhikontseptsioonid vaadatakse uuesti läbi, nüüd juba mõjuhindamise ja indikaatorite väljatöötamise kontekstis. Teoreetilist arutlust illustreerib kõrge loodusväärtusega põllumajandusmaa (KLV) indikaatorite väljatöötamise näide Jõgevamaal – põlluregistrist saadud detailiderohked andmed lubavad arvutada nii maastiku meetrika kui ka põllumajandusintensiivsuse indikaatoreid, seejuures tüpiseerides põllumajandussüsteemide erinevaid aspekte. Seega, LCM toetab geograafiliste andmete harmoniseerimist ja koostalitusvõimet mitmel moel: (i) pakkudes valdkonna siseselt andmete ühiselt mõistetavat tehnilist lugemist, nii mudeli vastavusetesti (ATS) kui ka veebiteenuste kaudu transformeerimisel; (ii) võimaldades semantilise vastavuse leidmist ja andmete/süsteemide integreerimist erinevate geoinfo valdkondade vahel. Loodud ja arendatud esialgselt Euroopa komisjoni LPIS kvaliteedisüsteemi vajadusi silmas pidades, võimaldab LCM erinevate liikmesriikide põllumajandusregistrite andmete ühiselt mõistetavat lugemist ka teistes valdkondades. LCM on lisatud kasutusjuhtumina rahvusvahelise standardi ISO 19152 ’Land Administration Domain Model’ lisasse H ja INSPIRE DS2.8 Land Cover rakenduseeskirja lisasse B2.This dissertation presents the development of the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) Conceptual Model (LCM) for the administration and control of agricultural subsidies of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The subsidies which European farmers receive in the frame of the CAP are administered through the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) that are established and run by the EU member states. IACS includes a Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as its spatial component. The requirement to map and record land eligible for payments has led to the situation where the agricultural sector has acquired a large amount of geographic data; the geospatial community of data producers, custodians and users has grown during the last decades. The need to assess the quality and consistency of the LPIS towards the EU regulators as well as to ensure systems’ interoperability as it is required for compliance with environmental legislation, call for harmonisation efforts. In the view of this, an LPIS Conceptual Model (LCM) was developed. The objective of the study was to introduce the modeling framework of ISO 19100 series for advance of quality of geospatial data in the LPIS domain and of interoperability with other geospatial domains. The LCM was generated by means of both (i) methodological approaches of International Standards of ISO 19100 series, further extended by the INSPIRE principles, and (ii) reverse engineering of existing operational LPIS systems. The latter is based on the results of two LPIS surveys covering different national implementations. Business analysis of the relevant EU regulations and the LPIS surveys led to the first-cut LCM. Model’s core classes – reference and agricultural parcels – cover process of land registration for administration of agricultural subsidies, agri-environmental measures of rural development and environmental restriction. Agricultural and reference parcels of the model build the framework for recording land cover and land use. Further model refinement addressed the quality aspects of the geographical databases: the LCM became naturally a part of the LPIS Quality Assurance programme between the European Commission and EU countries. The LCM was used (i) for conformance assessment of national systems and (ii) for implementation of the LPIS Test Bed portal: set of OGC compliant Web services allowing for agricultural data transformation from national data schemas to the common model as well as transferring, checking and storing spatial and non-spatial observations from the quality inspection. The study case for interoperability with cadastral domain looked for possibilities of the collaboration of two models – the LCM and the Land Administration Domain Model (became ISO19152 LADM). Owner’s rights, restrictions and responsibilities arising from land ownership in the cadastral domain have many similarities, but also differences with agricultural practice. The collaboration model established via newly introduced spatial class, also the semantic similarity of administrative classes of both models were analysed in details. Further studies include a representation of different European agricultural systems in LPIS and potentials of using LPIS data in the environmental impact assessment of the agricultural policy. Different types of land parcel proposed by the thesis and ways of integration with data from environmental domain viewed in context of the development of agri-environmental indicators. Developed firstly for the needs of LPIS Quality Assurance Framework of the European Commission, the LCM also became a part of the International Standard ISO19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (Annex H: use case in agriculture) and INSPIRE DS2.8 Land Cover specification (Annex B2: use case in agriculture)

THE MAASAI OF SOUTHERN KENYA DOMAIN MODEL OF LAND USE

We present a domain model that formalises the human-land relations in the Maasai nomadic pastoralist society in Kenya, referred to as MSKDM, and its integration with the prominent Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). Our long-term aim is to facilitate a land administration system that can accurately capture and express salient Maasai concepts of land use, ownership, communal tenure, and to assist in transparency during land transactions. We use an extensive corpus of existing research literature, and input from our own on-site workshops, as source material for our domain model. We use real sketch maps drawn by Maasai community members that we collected during our field studies for validation, and to demonstrate how our model can be operationalised

Universal Land Registry to Support Independent Economic Development in Tanzania

A simple land property registration procedure cannot be taken for granted in Tanzania. Nevertheless, it is crucial for private investment and wealth accumulation in one of the poorest countries in the world. To improve the formal land registration procedures is currently one of the topmost items on the agenda of the Tanzania Government. To help speed up the technical implementation of an improved land registration procedure, a group of volunteers – GIS experts and students from Europe and North America – elaborated the solution design for a Universal Land Registry (ULR) application. A prototype implementation demonstrates the feasibility of the solution with Open Source Software. The solution design with use cases, data model and solution architecture is presented in this paper. Furthermore, some implementation considerations are made to support the distributed nature of the different partners involved from land use planners at national level to the individual land owner on his or her plot. In particular, different requirements related to data quality (spatial precision, completeness etc.) are considered for a viable solution in such a vast country like Tanzania. As land use and land ownership information is core information for a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), a close organizational and technical integration of the ULR with all efforts to construct a NSDI is envisaged

Land Perspectives: People, Tenure, Planning, Tools, Space, and Health

Good land administration and spatial enablement help to improve people’s living conditions in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. They protect people’s land rights (including of individuals, communities, and the state) through good governance principles and practices. This makes research concerning land administration practices and geographic (spatial) sciences—whether in developed or developing countries—essential to developing tools or methods for securing natural resource rights for people. In the time of COVID-19, understanding the land and health or wellbeing nexus is also crucial for adequate living conditions for people in living urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. This Special Issue comprises 15 articles (including the editorial) that present insights on theories and practices on land administration and geographic (spatial) sciences in the context of land/water/forest–people–health–wellbeing nexus