Post-modern cowboys: The transformation of sport in the twentieth century

During the twentieth century, sports that evolved in the American West transformed the landscape of American sport. Driven by combinations of technology, media, and human personalities, sports such as surfing, skateboarding, and mountain biking redefined the meaning of sport and eliminated the traditional limits to the playing field. As surfing, skateboarding, and mountain biking evolved, wartime technologies accelerated their progress. Those technologies democratized access to contemporary sports in two ways. Materials such as polyurethane eased the physical requirements of carrying equipment and catching waves. Contemporary sports also expanded access because they focused on individualized competition and participation, eliminating the need for other players as a prerequisite to participation. As contemporary sports evolved in the West, they gradually eclipsed the participatory dominance of traditional team sports

Human experience in the natural and built environment : implications for research policy and practice

22nd IAPS conference. Edited book of abstracts. 427 pp. University of Strathclyde, Sheffield and West of Scotland Publication. ISBN: 978-0-94-764988-3

Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats, Volume Two: Tools for monitoring coastal habitats

Healthy coastal habitats are not only important ecologically; they also support healthy coastal communities and improve the quality of people’s lives. Despite their many benefits and values, coastal habitats have been systematically modified, degraded, and destroyed throughout the United States and its protectorates beginning with European colonization in the 1600’s (Dahl 1990). As a result, many coastal habitats around the United States are in desperate need of restoration. The monitoring of restoration projects, the focus of this document, is necessary to ensure that restoration efforts are successful, to further the science, and to increase the efficiency of future restoration efforts

10.2 Epistemology / 20th Anniversary – Part 1

Richard Kostelanetz, Umberto Eco, Fernando Aguiar, Philippe Sollers, Sandra Birdsell, W.M. Sutherland, Spencer Selby, Louis Dudek, Frank Davey, Dennis Oppenheim, Brion Gysin, George Bowering, Jim McCrary on William Burroughs, Mel Freilicher on Kathy Acker, Helen Lovekin, Karen MacCormack, Steve McCaffery, Peter Jaeger, Taylor Brady, Christine Germain, Paul Dutton, Mark Laliberte, Sheila E. Murphy, Colin Morton, Paget Norton, Sam Patterson, Norman Lock, George Swede, Craig Foltz, Carole A. Turner, Linda Kivi, Lee Henderson, Mark Kerwin, Antonio Gomez, A. Connolly, Maggie Helwig, Joellie Ethier, Gary Barwin, Frank Sauers, Henry Ferris, David King, Jaqueline W. Turner, Paul Vermeersch, Chris Belsito, k ripp, Barry Butson, Denis Robillard, Brian D. Johnston, Irving Weiss, Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm, Alootook Ipellie, Rolland Nadjiwon, William George, Antanas Sileika, Fausto Bedoya, Andrew Palcic. Cover Art: Francisco Aliseda

Object-oriented modeling for the transient performance simulation of solar thermal power plants using parabolic trough collectors: a review and proposal of modeling approaches for thermal energy storage

La intención de este trabajo es extender las técnicas actuales de modelización del almacenamiento térmico activo directo y activo indirecto, con dos tanques y sales fundidas como medio de almacenamiento. Con el objetivo de conseguir aumentar el conocimiento sobre su comportamiento térmico y los aspectos operacionales, los modelos desarrollados deben permitir la evaluación del sistema de almacenamiento térmico en condiciones transitorias. Así, la parte principal de este trabajo (la Parte II) se centra en la modelización y evaluación del comportamiento de los intercambiadores de calor para la tecnología de almacenamiento térmico activo indirecto, que emplea sales fundidas (60% en peso de nitrato sódico, NaNO3, y 40% en peso de nitrato potásico, KNO3) como medio de almacenamiento y aceite térmico (una mezcla de difenilo, C12H10, y oxido de difenilo, C12H10O) como fluido caloportador. Asumiendo un diseño de intercambiador de calor del tipo carcasa y tubos, el comportamiento del proceso de intercambio de calor entre el medio de almacenamiento y el fluido caloportador se analiza en detalle, considerando condiciones de operación estacionarias y transitorias bajo cargas nominales y parciales. El modelo estacionario proporciona información útil sobre el coeficiente global de transmisión de calor y los rangos de variación de pérdidas de carga para dos configuraciones de intercambiadores de calor específicas. Se demuestra que la configuración de dos intercambiadores en paralelo supera a la configuración convencional de un único intercambiador en funcionamiento. Por otro lado, la evaluación del modelo transitorio suministra paráametros típicos del proceso como la ganancia, el tiempo muerto y la constante del tiempo para el modo de carga y descarga, en condiciones nominales y parciales. Además, se ha obtenido un modelo transitorio del tanque de almacenamiento a alta temperatura razonablemente simple, el cual es muy adecuado para simulaciones del comportamiento de centrales CSP en su conjunto. En el estudio se ha demostrado que las pérdidas térmicas por convección natural en la atmosfera de gas encima de la superficie libre de las sales fundidas se pueden omitir en el modelo, causando errores despreciables. También, se pueden asumir coeficientes de convección constantes entre la superficie de las paredes del tanque y las sales fundidas. Sin embargo, la transmisión de calor por radiación entre la superficie libre de las sales fundidas y las paredes interiores del tanque, que no están en contacto con las sales, deben de ser consideradas, dada su importante influencia en las pérdidas totales. Además, debido al modelado de la trasmisión de calor por las paredes del tanque en modo transitorio y al cálculo preciso de la temperatura de la superficie exterior, la influencia que las condiciones de contorno ambientales tienen sobre las pérdidas de calor, pueden ser caracterizadas de manera mucho más adecuada que mediante métodos cuasi-estacionarios, que solo tienen en cuenta la temperatura ambiente. Finalmente, la Parte III trata de la aplicación de los modelos desarrollados para los componentes del almacenamiento térmico, a un modelo exhaustivo y completo de una central de captadores cilindro-parabólicos a nivel global. De este modo se simula, no solo el comportamiento del sistema de almacenamiento térmico activo indirecto, sino también las respuestas de la central solar térmica al completo, debido a los cambios en las condiciones de contorno ambientales. Se observa que la inercia térmica del sistema de almacenamiento activo indirecto es muy considerable, influyendo de manera notable en los rápidos cambios de carga necesarios para capturar la mayor cantidad posible de la energía solar disponible, y para alimentar el bloque de potencia con una potencia térmica constante, independientemente de la actual radiación solar. Por último pero no menos importante, los modelos presentados han sido desarrollados de manera flexible, bien estructurada y con una programación orientada a objetos, particularmente dando importancia a una implementación independiente de la plataforma de simulación, hecho que ha sido llevado a cabo utilizando el lenguaje de modelación Modelica. Este es un lenguaje de modelizado de sistemas físicos multiobjetivo, que ha sido desarrollado en un esfuerzo internacional para unificar las técnicas de simulación ya existentes y para permitir el intercambio fácil de los modelos y librerías de modelos que se desarrollen. El concepto de Modelica se basa en modelos no causales que utilizan ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias y algebraicas.This work's intention is to extend the current state-of-the-art regarding the modeling of the active direct and the active indirect two-tank moltensalt- based thermal energy storage (TES) concept. The aim is to widen the knowledge about their thermal behavior and operational aspects. In particular, the developed models shall enable the evaluation of the storage system's transient behavior. Thus, the main part of this work (Part II) focuses on the modeling and the performance evaluation of oil-to-molten salt heat exchangers for the active indirect thermal energy storage technology, applying molten salt (60%, by weight, sodium nitrate, NaNO3, and 40%, by weight, potassium nitrate, KNO3) as storage medium and thermal oil (a mixture of diphenyl, C12H10, and diphenyl oxide, C12H10O) as heat transfer fluid. Assuming a shell-andtube heat exchanger design, the performance of the heat exchange process between the storage medium and the heat transfer fluid is discussed in detail, considering steady-state as well as transient operating conditions under nominal as well as partial loads. On the one hand, the steady-state model gives useful information about overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop ranges for two specific heat exchanger setups. In particular, it is shown that two separate heat exchanger trains in parallel exceed the conventional single train setup in performance. On the other hand, the evaluation of the transient performance model yields typical process parameters as process gain, dead time and time constant for charging as well as for discharging mode at representative heat exchanger loads. In addition to this, a reasonable simple transient high-temperature storage tank model is derived, which is well suited for CSP performance simulations on system level due to reasonable model simplifications. For example, it is found in this work that the convective heat losses via the tank's gas atmosphere (usually nitrogen at ambient pressure) above the molten salt surface can be neglected by only introducing negligible calculation errors. Also, the convective heat transfer coefficients between the molten salt and the wetted parts of the tank's inner steel jacket may be set to constant values. However, the important radiative heat transfer between the surface of the molten salt and the non-wetted parts of the tank's inner steel jacket must be considered, which is done assuming an ideal cylindrical geometry. Furthermore, due to the transient modeling of the storage tank walls and a detailed estimation of the exterior surface temperature, the influence of altering environmental boundary conditions can be captured more accurately than by quasi-steadystate methods that only account for the current ambient air temperature. Finally, Part III treats the application of the developed TES model components in a comprehensive model of a parabolic trough collector plant on system level, showing not only the behavior of a typical active indirect twotank TES system under transient operating conditions, but also the responses of the entire solar thermal power plant to changing environmental boundary conditions. It is shown that the thermal inertia of the active indirect TES concept is considerable and forms a major obstacle for rapid load changes that are crucial for capturing as much solar energy as possible, and to supply the power block with constant thermal power, independently of the current solar irradiance. Last but not least, the presented models have been developed in a flexible, well-structured and object-oriented way, particularly giving importance to a simulation-platform-independent implementation, which has been accomplished applying Modelica, a multi-purpose physical system modeling language, developed in an international effort in order to unify already existing similar modeling approaches, and to enable developed models and model libraries to be easily exchanged. Modelica's concept is based on non-causal models featuring true ordinary differential and algebraic equations.Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Arquitectura (RD 1393/2007)Ingeniaritzako eta Arkitekturako Doktoretza Programa Ofiziala (ED 1393/2007

Urban Blue Spaces

This book presents an evidence-based approach to landscape planning and design for urban blue spaces that maximises the benefits to human health and well-being while minimising the risks. Based on applied research and evidence from primary and secondary data sources stemming from the EU-funded BlueHealth project, the book presents nature-based solutions to promote sustainable and resilient cities. Numerous cities around the world are located alongside bodies of water in the form of coastlines, lakes, rivers and canals, but the relationship between city inhabitants and these water sources has often been ambivalent. In many cities, water has been polluted, engineered or ignored completely. But, due to an increasing awareness of the strong connections between city, people, nature and water and health, this paradigm is shifting. The international editorial team, consisting of researchers and professionals across several disciplines, leads the reader through theoretical aspects, evidence, illustrated case studies, risk assessment and a series of validated tools to aid planning and design before finishing with overarching planning and design principles for a range of blue-space types. Over 200 full-colour illustrations accompany the case-study examples from geographic locations all over the world, including Portugal, the United Kingdom, China, Canada, the US, South Korea, Singapore, Norway and Estonia. With green and blue infrastructure now at the forefront of current policies and trends to promote healthy, sustainable cities, Urban Blue Spaces is a must-have for professionals and students in landscape planning, urban design and environmental design. Open Access for the book was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 66677

Escaping Cascadia

The preface, Dualism and Narrative Mode, details the development of realist techniques and then looks to current research to address the question, In what other ways can realism be maximized within fiction? It proposes a style combining second-person imperative narration for the viewpoint character’s actions and third-person free indirect discourse for description and internalization. The introduction, The Geography of the Future, explores prediction within select literary works, explains mitigation reactions to such predictions, and details current geographical projections to build a picture of what the future will look like and how humans will interact with their environment. Escaping Cascadia is a novel written in the style proposed by the preface, with the intent to maximize psychological realism and reader immersion, and to minimize the voice of a narrator and the reader’s awareness of an author. The story takes place within a world informed by the geographical exploration in the introduction

Library buildings around the world

"Library Buildings around the World" is a survey based on researches of several years. The objective was to gather library buildings on an international level starting with 1990