161 research outputs found

    BIODEGRADABLE MEDICAL DEVICE HAVING AN ADJUSTABLE DEGRADATION RATE AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME

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    Disclosed herein are biodegradable medical devices comprising biodegradable material (e.g., magnesium-calcium alloys) having an adjustable rate of degradation that can be used in various applications, including, but not limited to, drug delivery applications, cardiovascular applications, and orthopedic applications to make biodegradable and biocompatible devices. Also disclosed herein are methods of making biodegradable medical devices comprising biodegradable materials by using, for instance, hybrid dry cutting/hydrostatic burnishing

    Machining of biocompatible materials: Recent advances

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    Machining of biocompatible materials is facing the fundamental challenges due to the specific material properties as well as the application requirements. Firstly, this paper presents a review of various materials which the medical industry needs to machine, then comments on the advances in the understanding of their specific cutting mechanisms. Finally it reviews the machining processes that the industry employs for different applications. This highlights the specific functional requirements that need to be considered when machining biocompatible materials and the associated machines and tooling. An analysis of the scientific and engineering challenges and opportunities related to this topic are presented

    Advances in the Study of Magnesium Alloys and Their Use in Bone Implant Material

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    Magnesium and magnesium alloys have great application potential in the field of orthopaedics. Compared with traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and medical polymer materials, magnesium alloys have many advantages, such as better strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, and easy processing. Its mechanical properties are suitable and controllable. It can meet the same elastic modulus, cell compatibility, and biodegradability as human cortical bone. There are also some drawbacks for biodegradability, as magnesium and its alloys, with their high degradation rate, can cause insufficient integrity of the mechanical properties. This paper summarises the research on magnesium and its magnesium alloy materials in the field of bone implantation, looking at what magnesium and its magnesium alloys are, the history of magnesium alloys in bone implant materials, the manufacturing of magnesium alloys, the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys, the bio-compatibility and clinical applications of magnesium alloys, the shortcomings, and the progress of research in recent years

    LOGAM PADUAN MAGNESIUM SEBAGAI IMPLAN BIODEGRADASI

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    Magnesium berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan implan sementara dikarenakan memiliki sifat biodegradasi. Makalah ini membahas tentang logam paduan sebagai implan yang terbiodegradasi. Sifat biodegradasi ini, lebih lanjut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk diaplikasikan sebagai bahan implan permanen yaitu dapat meniadakan pembedahan tahap lanjutan untuk mengeluarkan bahan implan dari bagian tubuh setelah fungsi jaringan tubuh yang digantikannya pulih. Selama berada di dalam tubuh, magnesium mengalami degradasi dan kelarutannya ini dapat diekskresikan ke luar tubuh melalui metabolisme tanpa membahayakan tubuh (biodegradasi). Akan tetapi, meskipun memiliki sifat biodegradasi dan bioresorbable, kecepatan korosi dari logam ini menjadi permasalahan sehingga menurunkan fungsi implan sendiri yaitu mengalami degradasi sebelum jaringan tubuh yang digantikan berfungsi sempurna. Kesimpulannya, penyempurnaan untuk mengurangi kecepatan korosi telah dilaksanakan untuk memperoleh kesesuaian antara kecepatan korosi magnesium dan pengembalian fungsi tulang. Beberapa perlakuan tersebut untuk mendapatkan degradasi yang sesuai dan pembentukan tulang diantaranya melalui perlakuan mekanik, pelapisan, pengaturan komposisi paduan, serta pertimbangan sifat toksisitas dengan jaringan sekitarnya

    Nanostructured Mg-ZK50 Sheets Fabricated for Potential Use for Biomedical Applications

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    Magnesium (Mg) alloys are widely used in biomedical applications thanks to their combination of exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Mg-ZK alloy series; for instance, ZK40, ZK60 and ZK61; is an example of the most commonly used Mg bio-alloy. Zirconium (Zr) acts as a grain refiner when added to Mg, which manipulates the material structure by producing a refined internal structure and enhancing its properties. In addition, when Zinc (Zn) is added to a Mg-Zr alloy, strength is improved. Therefore, given the favorable properties of ZK alloys in biomedical applications, the current research aimed for the fabrication and the evaluation of a new ZK alloy with a new composition; ZK50, as a potential biomaterial for biomedical applications. Three stages were implemented in order to achieve the objective of this study. In the first stage, ball milling process was used to synthesize nanostructured Mg-ZK50 alloy from elemental powders (Mg, Zr, and Zn). The produced powders (BM) were studied using SEM, XRD and TEM to determine the internal structure refinement as well as the phase development due to milling. In the second stage, Powder-in-Tube (PIT) rolling process followed by annealing was applied to produce consolidated thin sheets from the BM powders. Accordingly, in the third stage, the effect of annealing on the internal structure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity was evaluated. The mechanical milling of the elemental powders produced a nanostructured alloyed powder after 45 hrs of milling with a crystallite size of 8.83 nm, which is considered the finest internal structure for Mg and Mg based alloys to date. Afterwards, nanostructured thin sheets were successfully produced using PIT at 300 °C with 67% reduction percent. The modulus of the sheets was found matching to that of human bones. It is worthy to note that annealing was found to have a detrimental effect on the corrosion behavior of the alloy. However, a hydroxyapatite layer was formed which indicated that the produced sheets induced osteoinductivity of the bone. Moreover, cytotoxicity of the sheets was not affected by the sheets and all the produced sheets showed an acceptable toxicity level within the cells. In conclusion, the produced Mg-ZK50 nanostructured alloyed sheets are considered a new potential biomaterial for orthopedic implants that induces osteoinductivity and prevent stress shielding

    Influence of stress on the degradation behavior of Mg LAE442 implant systems

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    In this paper the performance of a magnesium based implant system is analyzed. A special emphasis is placed on the impact of stress on the corrosion behavior of the magnesium alloy. An implant system containing a plate and 4 corresponding screws is machined from Mg LAE442. Its corrosion behavior is tested in-vivo in New Zealand White Rabbits for 6 and 12 weeks of implantation. The plate is monocortically fixated on the medial tibia. At the interface between screw and plate increased corrosion is observed. This phenomenon is stronger on the caudal side of the screw. Parallel to the in-vivo test the influence of stress load on the corrosion rate is analyzed for LAE442 in in-vitro tests. Compressive load is applied on cylindrical specimens in axial direction and the corrosion rate is measured in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution by eudiometry and mass loss. Additionally rectangular samples are bent to apply tensile stress on the surface. A drop of 5 wt% NaCl is deposited on the surface and the corrosion is evaluated by microscopic images. It is shown that stress essentially influences the corrosion rate. While tensile stress decreases the corrosion, compressive stress leads to higher corrosion rates

    Effect of Doping on β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioresorbable Bulk Material and Thin Film Coatings

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    Magnesium has emerged as a revolutionary biodegradable metal for use as an orthopedic material, it has several advantages over the permanent metallic materials currently in use, including eliminating the effects of stress shielding, improving biocompatibility and degradation properties, thus removing the requirement of a second surgery for implant removal. Due to the rapid degradation of magnesium, it is necessary to control the corrosion rates of the materials to match the rates of bone healing. This dissertation reports on the effect of doping on the properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). It also reports on its application as a thin film coating on magnesium alloys for implant applications. Adding various dopants to β-TCP significantly influences critical properties. In this study, discs were fabricated in two compositions: (i) undoped β-TCP, (ii) β-TCP doped with 1.0 wt % MgO, 0.5 wt % ZnO, and 1.0 wt % TiO2. Films were fabricated from these compositions using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. These coatings were then characterized for corrosive, hardness, and cytocompatibility. The XRD patterns of the coating confirm the amorphous nature of the films. The presence of the metal oxides in β-TCP improved ceramic densification. The application of these doped coatings was also found to increase the hardness by 88 %, the modulus of elasticity by 66 %, and improve corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy substrate; with a 2.4 % improvement in Ecorr and 95 % decrease in icorr. Cell viability was studied using an osteoblast precursor cell line MC3T3-E1 to assure that the biocompatibility of these ceramics was not altered due to the dopants. Long-term biodegradation studies were conducted by measuring weight change and surface microstructure as a function of time in simulated body fluid. The results suggest that these coatings could be used for bioresorbable implants with improved corrosion resistance and increased hardness

    MAGNESIUM-TITANIUM ALLOYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

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    Magnesium has been identified as a promising biodegradable implant material because it does not cause systemic toxicity and can reduce stress shielding. However, it corrodes too quickly in the body. Titanium, which is already used ubiquitously for implants, was chosen as the alloying element because of its proven biocompatibility and corrosion resistance in physiological environments. Thus, alloying magnesium with titanium is expected to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium. Mg-Ti alloys with a titanium content ranging from 5 to 35 at.-% were successfully synthesized by mechanical alloying. Spark plasma sintering was identified as a processing route to consolidate the alloy powders made by ball-milling into bulk material without destroying the alloy structure. This is an important finding as this metastable Mg-Ti alloy can only be heated up to max. 200C° for a limited time without reaching the stable state of separated magnesium and titanium. The superior corrosion behavior of Mg80-Ti20 alloy in a simulated physiological environment was shown through hydrogen evolution tests, where the corrosion rate was drastically reduced compared to pure magnesium and electrochemical measurements revealed an increased potential and resistance compared to pure magnesium. Cytotoxicity tests on murine pre-osteoblastic cells in vitro confirmed that supernatants made from Mg-Ti alloy were no more cytotoxic than supernatants prepared with pure magnesium. Mg and Mg-Ti alloys can also be used to make novel polymer-metal composites, e.g., with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to avoid the polymer’s detrimental pH drop during degradation and alter its degradation pattern. Thus, Mg-Ti alloys can be fabricated and consolidated while achieving improved corrosion resistance and maintaining cytocompatibility. This work opens up the possibility of using Mg-Ti alloys for fracture fixation implants and other biomedical applications

    Absorbable Metals for Biomedical Applications

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    Absorbable metals have shown significant clinical potential for temporary implant applications, where the material is eventually replaced by healthy, functioning tissue. However, several challenges remain before these metals can be used in humans. Innovations and further improvements are required. This book collects scientific contributions dealing with the development of absorbable metals with improved and unique corrosion and mechanical properties for applications in highly loaded implants or cardiovascular and urethral stents
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