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Multimedia delivery in the future internet
The term âNetworked Mediaâ implies that all kinds of media including text, image, 3D graphics, audio
and video are produced, distributed, shared, managed and consumed on-line through various networks,
like the Internet, Fiber, WiFi, WiMAX, GPRS, 3G and so on, in a convergent manner [1]. This white
paper is the contribution of the Media Delivery Platform (MDP) cluster and aims to cover the Networked
challenges of the Networked Media in the transition to the Future of the Internet.
Internet has evolved and changed the way we work and live. End users of the Internet have been confronted
with a bewildering range of media, services and applications and of technological innovations concerning
media formats, wireless networks, terminal types and capabilities. And there is little evidence that the pace
of this innovation is slowing. Today, over one billion of users access the Internet on regular basis, more
than 100 million users have downloaded at least one (multi)media file and over 47 millions of them do so
regularly, searching in more than 160 Exabytes1 of content. In the near future these numbers are expected
to exponentially rise. It is expected that the Internet content will be increased by at least a factor of 6, rising
to more than 990 Exabytes before 2012, fuelled mainly by the users themselves. Moreover, it is envisaged
that in a near- to mid-term future, the Internet will provide the means to share and distribute (new)
multimedia content and services with superior quality and striking flexibility, in a trusted and personalized
way, improving citizensâ quality of life, working conditions, edutainment and safety.
In this evolving environment, new transport protocols, new multimedia encoding schemes, cross-layer inthe
network adaptation, machine-to-machine communication (including RFIDs), rich 3D content as well as
community networks and the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are expected to generate new models of
interaction and cooperation, and be able to support enhanced perceived quality-of-experience (PQoE) and
innovative applications âon the moveâ, like virtual collaboration environments, personalised services/
media, virtual sport groups, on-line gaming, edutainment. In this context, the interaction with content
combined with interactive/multimedia search capabilities across distributed repositories, opportunistic P2P
networks and the dynamic adaptation to the characteristics of diverse mobile terminals are expected to
contribute towards such a vision.
Based on work that has taken place in a number of EC co-funded projects, in Framework Program 6 (FP6)
and Framework Program 7 (FP7), a group of experts and technology visionaries have voluntarily
contributed in this white paper aiming to describe the status, the state-of-the art, the challenges and the way
ahead in the area of Content Aware media delivery platforms
5G Radio Access Network Architecture for Terrestrial Broadcast Services
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined based on the Long
Term Evolution (LTE) enhanced Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Service (eMBMS) a
set of new features to support the distribution of Terrestrial Broadcast
services in Release 14. On the other hand, a new 5th Generation (5G) system
architecture and radio access technology, 5G New Radio (NR), are being
standardised from Release 15 onwards, which so far have only focused on unicast
connectivity. This may change in Release 17 given a new Work Item set to
specify basic Radio Access Network (RAN) functionalities for the provision of
multicast/broadcast communications for NR. This work initially excludes some of
the functionalities originally supported for Terrestrial Broadcast services
under LTE e.g. free to air, receive-only mode, large-area single frequency
networks, etc. This paper proposes an enhanced Next Generation RAN architecture
based on 3GPP Release 15 with a series of architectural and functional
enhancements, to support an efficient, flexible and dynamic selection between
unicast and multicast/broadcast transmission modes and also the delivery of
Terrestrial Broadcast services. The paper elaborates on the Cloud-RAN based
architecture and proposes new concepts such as the RAN Broadcast/Multicast
Areas that allows a more flexible deployment in comparison to eMBMS. High-level
assessment methodologies including complexity analysis and inspection are used
to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed architecture design and compare it
with the 3GPP architectural requirements.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, IEEE Trans. Broadcastin
Software Defined Networks based Smart Grid Communication: A Comprehensive Survey
The current power grid is no longer a feasible solution due to
ever-increasing user demand of electricity, old infrastructure, and reliability
issues and thus require transformation to a better grid a.k.a., smart grid
(SG). The key features that distinguish SG from the conventional electrical
power grid are its capability to perform two-way communication, demand side
management, and real time pricing. Despite all these advantages that SG will
bring, there are certain issues which are specific to SG communication system.
For instance, network management of current SG systems is complex, time
consuming, and done manually. Moreover, SG communication (SGC) system is built
on different vendor specific devices and protocols. Therefore, the current SG
systems are not protocol independent, thus leading to interoperability issue.
Software defined network (SDN) has been proposed to monitor and manage the
communication networks globally. This article serves as a comprehensive survey
on SDN-based SGC. In this article, we first discuss taxonomy of advantages of
SDNbased SGC.We then discuss SDN-based SGC architectures, along with case
studies. Our article provides an in-depth discussion on routing schemes for
SDN-based SGC. We also provide detailed survey of security and privacy schemes
applied to SDN-based SGC. We furthermore present challenges, open issues, and
future research directions related to SDN-based SGC.Comment: Accepte
Security and Privacy Issues in Wireless Mesh Networks: A Survey
This book chapter identifies various security threats in wireless mesh
network (WMN). Keeping in mind the critical requirement of security and user
privacy in WMNs, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various
possible attacks on different layers of the communication protocol stack for
WMNs and their corresponding defense mechanisms. First, it identifies the
security vulnerabilities in the physical, link, network, transport, application
layers. Furthermore, various possible attacks on the key management protocols,
user authentication and access control protocols, and user privacy preservation
protocols are presented. After enumerating various possible attacks, the
chapter provides a detailed discussion on various existing security mechanisms
and protocols to defend against and wherever possible prevent the possible
attacks. Comparative analyses are also presented on the security schemes with
regards to the cryptographic schemes used, key management strategies deployed,
use of any trusted third party, computation and communication overhead involved
etc. The chapter then presents a brief discussion on various trust management
approaches for WMNs since trust and reputation-based schemes are increasingly
becoming popular for enforcing security in wireless networks. A number of open
problems in security and privacy issues for WMNs are subsequently discussed
before the chapter is finally concluded.Comment: 62 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. This chapter is an extension of the
author's previous submission in arXiv submission: arXiv:1102.1226. There are
some text overlaps with the previous submissio
Eyeriss v2: A Flexible Accelerator for Emerging Deep Neural Networks on Mobile Devices
A recent trend in DNN development is to extend the reach of deep learning
applications to platforms that are more resource and energy constrained, e.g.,
mobile devices. These endeavors aim to reduce the DNN model size and improve
the hardware processing efficiency, and have resulted in DNNs that are much
more compact in their structures and/or have high data sparsity. These compact
or sparse models are different from the traditional large ones in that there is
much more variation in their layer shapes and sizes, and often require
specialized hardware to exploit sparsity for performance improvement. Thus,
many DNN accelerators designed for large DNNs do not perform well on these
models. In this work, we present Eyeriss v2, a DNN accelerator architecture
designed for running compact and sparse DNNs. To deal with the widely varying
layer shapes and sizes, it introduces a highly flexible on-chip network, called
hierarchical mesh, that can adapt to the different amounts of data reuse and
bandwidth requirements of different data types, which improves the utilization
of the computation resources. Furthermore, Eyeriss v2 can process sparse data
directly in the compressed domain for both weights and activations, and
therefore is able to improve both processing speed and energy efficiency with
sparse models. Overall, with sparse MobileNet, Eyeriss v2 in a 65nm CMOS
process achieves a throughput of 1470.6 inferences/sec and 2560.3 inferences/J
at a batch size of 1, which is 12.6x faster and 2.5x more energy efficient than
the original Eyeriss running MobileNet. We also present an analysis methodology
called Eyexam that provides a systematic way of understanding the performance
limits for DNN processors as a function of specific characteristics of the DNN
model and accelerator design; it applies these characteristics as sequential
steps to increasingly tighten the bound on the performance limits.Comment: accepted for publication in IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected
Topics in Circuits and Systems. This extended version on arXiv also includes
Eyexam in the appendi
Analysis domain model for shared virtual environments
The field of shared virtual environments, which also
encompasses online games and social 3D environments, has a
system landscape consisting of multiple solutions that share great functional overlap. However, there is little system interoperability between the different solutions. A shared virtual environment has an associated problem domain that is highly complex raising difficult challenges to the development process, starting with the architectural design of the underlying system. This paper has two main contributions. The first contribution is a broad domain analysis of shared virtual environments, which enables developers to have a better understanding of the whole rather than the part(s). The second contribution is a reference domain model for discussing and describing solutions - the Analysis Domain Model
Experimental Evaluation of Large Scale WiFi Multicast Rate Control
WiFi multicast to very large groups has gained attention as a solution for
multimedia delivery in crowded areas. Yet, most recently proposed schemes do
not provide performance guarantees and none have been tested at scale. To
address the issue of providing high multicast throughput with performance
guarantees, we present the design and experimental evaluation of the Multicast
Dynamic Rate Adaptation (MuDRA) algorithm. MuDRA balances fast adaptation to
channel conditions and stability, which is essential for multimedia
applications. MuDRA relies on feedback from some nodes collected via a
light-weight protocol and dynamically adjusts the rate adaptation response
time. Our experimental evaluation of MuDRA on the ORBIT testbed with over 150
nodes shows that MuDRA outperforms other schemes and supports high throughput
multicast flows to hundreds of receivers while meeting quality requirements.
MuDRA can support multiple high quality video streams, where 90% of the nodes
report excellent or very good video quality
Customizing Data-plane Processing in Edge Routers
While OpenFlow enables the customization of the control plane of a router, currently no solutions are available for the customization of the data plane. This paper presents a prototype that offers to third parties (even end-users) the possibility to install their own applications on the data plane of a router, particularly the ones operating at the edge of the network. This paper presents the motivation of the idea, the reason why we use OpenFlow even if it does not seem appropriate for the data plane, the architecture and the implementation of our prototype, and a first characterization of the system running in our la
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