3,471 research outputs found

    Semantic Knowledge Graphs for the News: A Review

    Get PDF
    ICT platforms for news production, distribution, and consumption must exploit the ever-growing availability of digital data. These data originate from different sources and in different formats; they arrive at different velocities and in different volumes. Semantic knowledge graphs (KGs) is an established technique for integrating such heterogeneous information. It is therefore well-aligned with the needs of news producers and distributors, and it is likely to become increasingly important for the news industry. This article reviews the research on using semantic knowledge graphs for production, distribution, and consumption of news. The purpose is to present an overview of the field; to investigate what it means; and to suggest opportunities and needs for further research and development.publishedVersio

    The News Angler Project: Exploring the Next Generation of Journalistic Knowledge Platforms

    Get PDF
    The News Angler project aims to support journalists in finding new and unexpected connections and angles in the news. The project therefore explores how recent artificial intelligence (AI) techniques โ€” such as knowledge graphs, natural-language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) โ€” can support high-quality journalism that exploits big and open data sources. A central contribution is News Hunter, a series of prototype journalistic knowledge platforms (JKPs)

    Supporting Newsrooms with Journalistic Knowledge Graph Platforms: Current State and Future Directions

    Get PDF
    Increasing competition and loss of revenues force newsrooms to explore new digital solutions. The new solutions employ artificial intelligence and big data techniques such as machine learning and knowledge graphs to manage and support the knowledge work needed in all stages of news production. The result is an emerging type of intelligent information system we have called the Journalistic Knowledge Platform (JKP). In this paper, we analyse for the first time knowledge graph-based JKPs in research and practice. We focus on their current state, challenges, opportunities and future directions. Our analysis is based on 14 platforms reported in research carried out in collaboration with news organisations and industry partners and our experiences with developing knowledge graph-based JKPs along with an industry partner. We found that: (a) the most central contribution of JKPs so far is to automate metadata annotation and monitoring tasks; (b) they also increasingly contribute to improving background information and content analysis, speeding-up newsroom workflows and providing newsworthy insights; (c) future JKPs need better mechanisms to extract information from textual and multimedia news items; (d) JKPs can provide a digitalisation path towards reduced production costs and improved information quality while adapting the current workflows of newsrooms to new forms of journalism and readersโ€™ demands.publishedVersio

    Journalistic Knowledge Platforms: from Idea to Realisation

    Get PDF
    Journalistiske kunnskapsplattformer (JKPer) er en type intelligente informasjonssystemer designet for รฅ forbedre nyhetsproduksjonsprosesser ved รฅ kombinere stordata, kunstig intelligens (KI) og kunnskapsbaser for รฅ stรธtte journalister. Til tross for sitt potensial for รฅ revolusjonere journalistikkfeltet, har adopsjonen av JKPer vรฆrt treg, med forskere og store nyhetsutlรธp involvert i forskning og utvikling av JKPer. Den langsomme adopsjonen kan tilskrives den tekniske kompleksiteten til JKPer, som har fรธrt til at nyhetsorganisasjoner stoler pรฅ flere uavhengige og oppgavespesifikke produksjonssystemer. Denne situasjonen kan รธke ressurs- og koordineringsbehovet og kostnadene, samtidig som den utgjรธr en trussel om รฅ miste kontrollen over data og havne i leverandรธrlรฅssituasjoner. De tekniske kompleksitetene forblir en stor hindring, ettersom det ikke finnes en allerede godt utformet systemarkitektur som ville lette realiseringen og integreringen av JKPer pรฅ en sammenhengende mรฅte over tid. Denne doktoravhandlingen bidrar til teorien og praksisen rundt kunnskapsgrafbaserte JKPer ved รฅ studere og designe en programvarearkitektur som referanse for รฅ lette iverksettelsen av konkrete lรธsninger og adopsjonen av JKPer. Den fรธrste bidraget til denne doktoravhandlingen gir en grundig og forstรฅelig analyse av ideen bak JKPer, fra deres opprinnelse til deres nรฅvรฆrende tilstand. Denne analysen gir den fรธrste studien noensinne av faktorene som har bidratt til den langsomme adopsjonen, inkludert kompleksiteten i deres sosiale og tekniske aspekter, og identifiserer de stรธrste utfordringene og fremtidige retninger for JKPer. Den andre bidraget presenterer programvarearkitekturen som referanse, som gir en generisk blรฅkopi for design og utvikling av konkrete JKPer. Den foreslรฅtte referansearkitekturen definerer ogsรฅ to nye typer komponenter ment for รฅ opprettholde og videreutvikle KI-modeller og kunnskapsrepresentasjoner. Den tredje presenterer et eksempel pรฅ iverksettelse av programvarearkitekturen som referanse og beskriver en prosess for รฅ forbedre effektiviteten til informasjonsekstraksjonspipelines. Denne rammen muliggjรธr en fleksibel, parallell og samtidig integrering av teknikker for naturlig sprรฅkbehandling og KI-verktรธy. I tillegg diskuterer denne avhandlingen konsekvensene av de nyeste KI-fremgangene for JKPer og ulike etiske aspekter ved bruk av JKPer. Totalt sett gir denne PhD-avhandlingen en omfattende og grundig analyse av JKPer, fra teorien til designet av deres tekniske aspekter. Denne forskningen tar sikte pรฅ รฅ lette vedtaket av JKPer og fremme forskning pรฅ dette feltet.Journalistic Knowledge Platforms (JKPs) are a type of intelligent information systems designed to augment news creation processes by combining big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and knowledge bases to support journalists. Despite their potential to revolutionise the field of journalism, the adoption of JKPs has been slow, with scholars and large news outlets involved in the research and development of JKPs. The slow adoption can be attributed to the technical complexity of JKPs that led news organisation to rely on multiple independent and task-specific production system. This situation can increase the resource and coordination footprint and costs, at the same time it poses a threat to lose control over data and face vendor lock-in scenarios. The technical complexities remain a major obstacle as there is no existing well-designed system architecture that would facilitate the realisation and integration of JKPs in a coherent manner over time. This PhD Thesis contributes to the theory and practice on knowledge-graph based JKPs by studying and designing a software reference architecture to facilitate the instantiation of concrete solutions and the adoption of JKPs. The first contribution of this PhD Thesis provides a thorough and comprehensible analysis of the idea of JKPs, from their origins to their current state. This analysis provides the first-ever study of the factors that have contributed to the slow adoption, including the complexity of their social and technical aspects, and identifies the major challenges and future directions of JKPs. The second contribution presents the software reference architecture that provides a generic blueprint for designing and developing concrete JKPs. The proposed reference architecture also defines two novel types of components intended to maintain and evolve AI models and knowledge representations. The third presents an instantiation example of the software reference architecture and details a process for improving the efficiency of information extraction pipelines. This framework facilitates a flexible, parallel and concurrent integration of natural language processing techniques and AI tools. Additionally, this Thesis discusses the implications of the recent AI advances on JKPs and diverse ethical aspects of using JKPs. Overall, this PhD Thesis provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of JKPs, from the theory to the design of their technical aspects. This research aims to facilitate the adoption of JKPs and advance research in this field.Doktorgradsavhandlin

    Survey of the State of the Art in Natural Language Generation: Core tasks, applications and evaluation

    Get PDF
    This paper surveys the current state of the art in Natural Language Generation (NLG), defined as the task of generating text or speech from non-linguistic input. A survey of NLG is timely in view of the changes that the field has undergone over the past decade or so, especially in relation to new (usually data-driven) methods, as well as new applications of NLG technology. This survey therefore aims to (a) give an up-to-date synthesis of research on the core tasks in NLG and the architectures adopted in which such tasks are organised; (b) highlight a number of relatively recent research topics that have arisen partly as a result of growing synergies between NLG and other areas of artificial intelligence; (c) draw attention to the challenges in NLG evaluation, relating them to similar challenges faced in other areas of Natural Language Processing, with an emphasis on different evaluation methods and the relationships between them.Comment: Published in Journal of AI Research (JAIR), volume 61, pp 75-170. 118 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

    ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ์„œ๋ด‰์›.์ปดํ“จํŒ… ํŒŒ์›Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ•์ , ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋น„์ „, ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰, ๋กœ๋ด‡, ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€, ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜, ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋„ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ—˜์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ง์—…์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์˜์ธํ™” ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํƒ€์žํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ AI Mirror๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ/๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์ง„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ์„ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ/๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ขํ˜€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฐฉ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์ผ€์น˜์— ์ƒ‰์น ์„ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ API๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ DuetDraw๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์€ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ์ดํ•ด๋„, ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ์ตœ๊ทผ ํฐ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ NewsRobot์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NewsRobot์€ 2018 ํ‰์ฐฝ๋™๊ณ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค-์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ-์นด๋“œ-๋™์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ •์„ฑ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋‰ด์Šค ์ƒ์„ฑ ์†๋„์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„-์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜์ ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.The recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is affecting our daily lives in numerous areas. Moreover, AI is expected to evolve rapidly, bringing tremendous economic value. However, compared to the attention these technological improvements receive, there is relatively little discussion on human factors and user experience related to AI algorithms. Thus, this thesis aims to better understand how users interact with AI algorithms. Specifically, this work examined algorithm-based humanโ€“AI interaction in four stages, through various modes of human-computer interaction: The first study investigated how people perceive algorithm-based systems using AI, finding that people tend to anthropomorphize as well as alienate them, which is distinct from their perceptions of computers. The second study investigated how people interpret and evaluate the output from AI algorithms through a prototype, AI Mirror, which assigned aesthetic scores to images based on a neural network algorithm. The results revealed that people interpret AI algorithms differently based on their backgrounds, and that they want to understand and communicate with AI systems. The third study investigated how people build a sequence of actions with AI algorithms through a mixed method study using a research prototype called DuetDraw, a drawing tool in which users and AI can draw pictures together. The results showed that people want to lead collaborations while hoping to get appropriate instructions from the AI algorithm. Lastly, a case study on a practical application of AI was conducted with a research prototype called NewsRobot, which automatically generated news articles with different content and styles. Findings showed that users prefer selective news and multimedia news that have more functionality and modality, but at the same time they do not want AI to boast about its ability. With these distinct but intertwined studies, this thesis argues the importance of understanding human factors in the user interfaces of AI-based systems and suggests design principles to this end.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Goal 10 1.3 Research Questions 11 1.4 How People Perceive Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 12 1.5 How People Interpret and Evaluate Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 13 1.6 How People Build Sequential Actions with Algorithm-Based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 15 1.7 How People Use a Practical Application of an Algorithm-based Systems Using Artificial Intelligence 17 1.8 Thesis Statement 18 1.9 Contributions 18 1.10 Thesis Overview 20 2 RELATED WORK 22 2.1 Human Perception of AI Algorithms 22 2.1.1 Technophobia 22 2.1.2 Anthropomorphism 23 2.2 Users Interpretation and Evaluation of AI Algorithms 24 2.2.1 Interpretability of Algorithms and Users Concerns 24 2.2.2 Sense-making and Gap between Users and AI algorithms 25 2.2.3 User Control in Intelligent Systems 26 2.3 How People Build Sequential Actions with AI Algorithms 26 2.3.1 AI, Deep Learning, and New UX in Creative Works 27 2.3.2 Communication and Leadership among Users and AI 28 2.4 Practical Design of Algorithm-based Systems Using AI 29 2.4.1 Automated Journalism 30 2.4.2 Personalization of News Content 31 2.4.3 Effect of Multimedia Modality on User Experience 32 3 HOW PEOPLE PERCEIVE ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 33 3.1 Motivation 34 3.2 Google DeepMind Challenge Match 36 3.3 Methodology 38 3.3.1 Participant Recruitment 38 3.3.2 Interview Process 39 3.3.3 Interview Analysis 40 3.4 Findings 41 3.4.1 Preconceptions about Artificial Intelligence 41 3.4.2 Confrontation: Us vs. Artificial Intelligence 43 3.4.3 Anthropomorphizing AlphaGo 47 3.4.4 Alienating AlphaGo 49 3.4.5 Concerns about the Future of AI 52 3.5 Limitations 55 3.6 Summary 56 4 HOW PEOPLE INTERPRET AND EVALUATE ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 57 4.1 Motivation 58 4.2 AI Mirror 60 4.2.1 Design Goal 60 4.2.2 Image Assessment Algorithm 61 4.2.3 Design of User Interface 61 4.3 Study Design 62 4.3.1 Participant Recruitment 63 4.3.2 Experimental Settings 64 4.3.3 Procedure 65 4.3.4 Analysis Methods 66 4.4 Result 1: Quantitative Analysis 67 4.4.1 Difference 68 4.4.2 Interpretability 69 4.4.3 Reasonability 70 4.5 Result 2: Qualitative Analysis 71 4.5.1 People Understand AI Based on What They Know 71 4.5.2 People Reduce Difference Using Various Strategies 73 4.5.3 People Want to Actively Communicate with AI 76 4.6 Limitations 78 4.7 Conclusion 78 5 HOW PEOPLE BUILD SEQUENTIAL ACTIONS WITH ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 80 5.1 Motivation 81 5.2 Duet Draw 84 5.2.1 Five AI Functions of DuetDraw 84 5.2.2 Initiative and Communication Styles of DuetDraw 85 5.3 Study Design 86 5.3.1 Participants 87 5.3.2 Tasks and Procedures 87 5.3.3 Drawing Scenarios 88 5.3.4 Survey 89 5.3.5 Think-aloud and Interview 89 5.3.6 Analysis Methods 90 5.4 Result 1: Quantitative Analysis 92 5.4.1 Detailed Instruction is Preferred over Basic Instruction 93 5.4.2 UX Could Be Worse with Lead-Basic than Assist-Detailed 94 5.4.3 AI is Fun, Useful, Effective, and Efficient 94 5.4.4 No-AI is more Predictable, Comprehensible, and Controllable 95 5.4.5 Even if Predictability is Low, Fun and Interest Can Increase 96 5.5 Result 2: Qualitative Analysis 96 5.5.1 Just Enough Instruction 97 5.5.2 Users Always Want to Lead 99 5.5.3 AI is Similar to Humans But Unpredictable 101 5.5.4 Co-Creation with AI 102 5.6 Limitations 105 5.7 Conclusion 105 6 HOW PEOPLE USE A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF AN ALGORITHM-BASED SYSTEM USIGN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 107 6.1 Motivation 108 6.2 News Robot 110 6.2.1 Selecting Main Event and Data Source 111 6.2.2 Designing News Article Structure 113 6.2.3 Content and Style 113 6.2.4 Generating News Articles 115 6.2.5 Designing NewsRobot User Interface 116 6.3 Study Design 117 6.3.1 Participants 117 6.3.2 Procedures 118 6.3.3 Analysis Methods 119 6.4 Results 1: Quantitative Analysis 120 6.4.1 Selective News Is Less Credible 120 6.4.2 Users Like Both Multimedia and Personalization 121 6.4.3 Quality of Video Is Not Rated Highest 122 6.4.4 NewsRobot Is Accurate but Not Sensational 123 6.5 Results 2: Qualitative Analysis 124 6.5.1 Users Evaluate NewsRobot Features Highly 124 6.5.2 NewsRobot Is Unbiased but Predictable 127 6.5.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of Using Multimedia 128 6.6 Limitations 130 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 DISCUSSION 131 7.1 Human Perception of AI Algorithms 131 7.1.1 Cognitive Dissonance 131 7.1.2 Beyond Technophobia 132 7.1.3 Toward a New Chapter in Human-Computer Interaction 134 7.1.4 Coping with the Potential Danger 135 7.2 Users Interpretation and Evaluation of AI Algorithms 135 7.2.1 Integrate Diverse Expertise and User Perspectives 136 7.2.2 Take Advantage of Peoples Curiosity about AI Principles 137 7.2.3 Provide AI and Users with Mutual Communication 138 7.3 How People Build Sequential Actions with AI Algorithms 139 7.3.1 Let the User Take the Initiative 140 7.3.2 Provide Just Enough Instruction 140 7.3.3 Embed Interesting Elements in the Interaction 141 7.3.4 Ensure Balance 142 7.4 Practical Design of Algorithm-based Systems Using AI 142 7.4.1 Provide Selective news with Adaptable Interface 142 7.4.2 Present Various Multimedia Elements but Not Too Many 144 7.4.3 Importance of Quality Data and Algorithm Refinement 145 7.5 Principles 146 8 CONCLUSION 148 8.1 Summary of Contributions 149 8.2 Future Directions 150 Bibliography 153 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 173 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 176Docto
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore