125,659 research outputs found
Towards Identifying and closing Gaps in Assurance of autonomous Road vehicleS - a collection of Technical Notes Part 1
This report provides an introduction and overview of the Technical Topic Notes (TTNs) produced in the Towards Identifying and closing Gaps in Assurance of autonomous Road vehicleS (Tigars) project. These notes aim to support the development and evaluation of autonomous vehicles. Part 1 addresses: Assurance-overview and issues, Resilience and Safety Requirements, Open Systems Perspective and Formal Verification and Static Analysis of ML Systems. Part 2: Simulation and Dynamic Testing, Defence in Depth and Diversity, Security-Informed Safety Analysis, Standards and Guidelines
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Security-Informed Safety: Supporting Stakeholders with Codes of Practice
Codes of practice provide principles and guidance on how organizations can incorporate security considerations into their safety engineering lifecycle and become more security minded
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Evaluating the resilience and security of boundaryless, evolving socio-technical Systems of Systems
Safety arguments for next generation location aware computing
Concerns over the accuracy, availability, integrity and
continuity of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
have limited the integration of GPS and GLONASS for
safety-critical applications. More recent augmentation
systems, such as the European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the North American Wide
Area Augmentation System (WAAS) have begun to address
these concerns. Augmentation architectures build on the
existing GPS/GLONASS infrastructures to support locationbased services in Safety of Life (SoL) applications. Much of the technical development has been directed by air traffic management requirements, in anticipation of the more extensive support to be offered by GPS III and Galileo. WAAS has already been approved to provide vertical guidance against ICAO safety performance criteria for aviation applications. During the next twelve months, we will see the full certification of EGNOS for SoL applications.
This paper identifies strong similarities between the safety
assessment techniques used in Europe and North America.
Both have relied on hazard analysis techniques to derive
estimates of the Probability of Hazardously Misleading
Information (PHMI). Later sections identify significant
differences between the approaches adopted in application
development. Integrated fault trees have been developed by
regulatory and commercial organisations to consider both
infrastructure hazards and their impact on non-precision
RNAV/VNAV approaches using WAAS. In contrast,
EUROCONTROL and the European Space Agency have
developed a more modular approach to safety-case
development for EGNOS. It remains to be seen whether the
European or North American strategy offers the greatest
support as satellite based augmentation systems are used
within a growing range of SoL applications from railway
signalling through to Unmanned Airborne Systems. The key
contribution of this paper is to focus attention on the safety
arguments that might support this wider class of location
based services
Property enforcement as organized consent
This article develops and tests a theory of the institutions that make property rights viable, ensuring their enforcement, mobilizing the collateral value of assets and promoting growth. In contrast to contractual rights, property rights are enforced in rem, being affected only with the consent of the right holder. This ensures enforcement but is costly when multiple, potentially colliding rights are held in the same asset. Different institutions reduce the cost of gathering consents to overcome this trade-off of enforcement benefits for consent costs: recording of deeds with title insurance, registration of rights and even a regimen of purely private transactions. All three provide functionally similar services, but their relative performance varies with the number of transactions, the risk of political opportunism and regulatory consistency. The analysis also shows the rationality of allowing competition in the preparation and support of private contracts while requiring territorial monopoly in recording and registration activities, this to ensure independence and protect third parties.Transaction costs, property rights, real estate, land titles, recording, registration
Clinical audit project in undergraduate medical education curriculum: An assessment validation study
Objectives: To evaluate the merit of the Clinical Audit Project (CAP) in an assessment program for undergraduate medical education using a systematic assessment validation framework.
Methods: A cross-sectional assessment validation study at one medical school in Western Australia, with retrospective qualitative analysis of the design, development, implementation and outcomes of the CAP, and quantitative analysis of assessment data from four cohorts of medical students (2011-2014).
Results: The CAP is fit for purpose with clear external and internal alignment to expected medical graduate outcomes. Substantive validity in studentsâ and examinersâ response processes is ensured through relevant methodological and cognitive processes. Multiple validity features are built-in to the design, planning and implementation process of the CAP. There is evidence of high internal consistency reliability of CAP scores (Cronbachâs alpha \u3e 0.8) and inter-examiner consistency reliability (intra-class correlation\u3e0.7). Aggregation of CAP scores is psychometrically sound, with high internal consistency indicating one common underlying construct. Significant but moderate correlations between CAP scores and scores from other assessment modalities indicate validity of extrapolation and alignment between the CAP and the overall target outcomes of medical graduates. Standard setting, score equating and fair decision rules justify consequential validity of CAP scores interpretation and use.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence demonstrating that the CAP is a meaningful and valid component in the assessment program. This systematic framework of validation can be adopted for all levels of assessment in medical education, from individual assessment modality, to the validation of an assessment program as a whole
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