Assessment of the regionalised demand response potential in Germany using an open source tool and dataset

With the expansion of renewable energies in Germany, imminent grid congestion events occur more often. One approach for avoiding curtailment of renewable energies is to cover excess feed-in by demand response. As curtailment is often a local phenomenon, in this work we determine the regional demand response potential for the 401 German administrative districts. The load regionalisation is based on weighting factors derived from population and employment statistics, locations of industrial facilities, etc. Using periodic and temperature-dependent load profiles and technology specific parameters, load shifting potentials were determined with a temporal resolution of 15 minutes. Our analysis yields that power-to-heat technologies provide the highest potentials, followed by residential appliances, commercial and industrial loads. For the considered 2030 scenario, power-to-gas and e-mobility also contribute a significant potential. The cumulated load increase potential of all technologies ranges from $5 - 470~MW$ per administrative district. The median value is $25~MW$, which would suffice to avoid the curtailment of 8 classical wind turbines. Further, we calculated load shifting cost-potential curves for each district. Industrial processes and power-to-heat in district heating have the lowest load shifting investment cost, due to the largest installed capacities per facility. We distinguished between different size classes of the installed capacity of heat pumps, yielding $23\%$ lower average investment cost for heat pump flexibilisation in the city of Berlin compared to a rural district. The variable costs of most considered load shifting technologies remain under the average compensation costs for curtailment of renewable energies of 110~\text{\euro{}}/MWh. As all results and the developed code are published under open source licenses, they can be integrated into energy system models

A Simple Decentralized Charging Control Scheme of Plug-in Electric Vehicles for Alleviating Wind Farm Intermittency

AbstractVariable power output from large-scale wind farms present new challenge of balancing power system load with generation. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a decentralized charging control scheme for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to neutralize wind power fluctuations. In the proposed scheme, each PEV autonomously adjusts its power in response to a real-time directing signal and based on its own urgency level of charging. No intelligent central control entity is needed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed charging control in directing PEV power to counteract wind power fluctuations. Also, proportionally fair distribution of counteracting duties among PEVs can be achieved so as to meet heterogeneous charging requirements of PEV users, and the total utility of the PEV fleet is proven to be maximized