Controle por modo deslizante de robôs móveis sobre rodas

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2013O controle de robôs móveis não holonômicos é um problema para o qual existem lacunas a serem preenchidas. As principais técnicas de controle têm desempenho limitado no tocante à robustez e implementação prática e ainda dificuldades no tratamento de restrições não holonômicas. O controle por modo deslizante é uma técnica que se mostra bastante adequada para tratar este problema, devido a sua característica de oferecer robustez restringindo o sistema. Todavia, a implementação prática da sua forma clássica, o controle por modos deslizantes de primeira ordem, sofre com efeitos de chattering, devido à excitação de dinâmicas rápidas negligenciadas e a limitação na frequência de chaveamento do sinal de controle. Algumas soluções conhecidas para compensar o chattering têm como desvantagem a redução de robustez. Uma técnica de controle por modo deslizante de segunda ordem é considerada como solução, pois minimiza o chattering mantendo suas propriedades de robustez. Trata-se do algoritmo super- twisting que além das características enumeradas, possui implementação simples e tem bom desempenho numérico. Neste trabalho, aborda-se o problema de controle de rastreamento de trajetória para um robô móvel sujeito a restrições não holonômicas cuja representação de estado é feita com um modelo cinemático em cascata com um modelo dinâmico. A solução proposta nesta tese é a síntese de uma estrutura de controle composta por um controlador cinemático e um controlador dinâmico. O controlador cinemático é sintetizado com a técnica de controle super-twisting e tem como principal produto restrições que ao serem impostas ao sistema garantem o rasteamento robusto de trajetórias. Para isso, gera um sinal de controle em velocidade a ser rastreado pelo controlador dinâmico, que consiste de uma lei de controle por dinâmica inversa com um controlador externo proporcional e derivativo (PD). O controle PD auxilia na redução de chattering, pois sua ação diminui a influência das dinâmicas negligenciadas. Para ilustrar as características dos controladores propostos, são apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentos obtidos em ensaios com um robô móvel sobre rodas diferencial de médio porte The control of mobile robots is still an open problem. The main control techniques have limited performance with respect to robustness and practical implementation and yet some difficulties in handlind nonholonomic restrictions. The sliding mode control is a technique that proves to be quite adequate to address this problem, due to its characteristic of offering robustness by constraining the system. However, the practical implementation of the classic form of this technique, the first order sliding mode control, suffers from chattering effects, due to the excitation of neglected fast dynamic and frequency limitation of the switching control signal. Some known solutions to overcome the chattering has the disadvantage of reducing the ideal robustness of the technique. A second order sliding mode control technique is considered as a solution since it minimizes this problem maintaining its robustness properties. This is the super-twisting algorithm that in addition to the features listed, its implementation is simple and has good numerical performance. This work addresses the trajectory tracking control problem for a mobile robot subject to nonholonomic constraints and represented in the state space by a kinematic model in cascade with a dynamic model. The proposed solution in this thesis is the synthesis of a control structure comprising a kinematic controller and a dynamic one. The kinematic controller is designed with the super-twisting control technique and has as main product restrictions that when imposed to the system ensure the robust trajectory tracking. For that, it generates a velocity control signal to be tracked by the dynamic controller, which consists of an inverse dynamic control law with proportional plus derivative (PD) control. The additional PD control law plays an important role in assisting in the reduction of chattering, as its action decreases the influence of neglected dynamics. To illustrate the characteristics of the proposed controllers, simulation and also experimental results are obtained in trials with a differential wheeled mobile robot

Optimized state feedback regulation of 3DOF helicopter system via extremum seeking

In this paper, an optimized state feedback regulation of a 3 degree of freedom (DOF) helicopter is designed via extremum seeking (ES) technique. Multi-parameter ES is applied to optimize the tracking performance via tuning State Vector Feedback with Integration of the Control Error (SVFBICE). Discrete multivariable version of ES is developed to minimize a cost function that measures the performance of the controller. The cost function is a function of the error between the actual and desired axis positions. The controller parameters are updated online as the optimization takes place. This method significantly decreases the time in obtaining optimal controller parameters. Simulations were conducted for the online optimization under both fixed and varying operating conditions. The results demonstrate the usefulness of using ES for preserving the maximum attainable performance

A survey on fractional order control techniques for unmanned aerial and ground vehicles

In recent years, numerous applications of science and engineering for modeling and control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) systems based on fractional calculus have been realized. The extra fractional order derivative terms allow to optimizing the performance of the systems. The review presented in this paper focuses on the control problems of the UAVs and UGVs that have been addressed by the fractional order techniques over the last decade

Advanced Mobile Robotics: Volume 3

Mobile robotics is a challenging field with great potential. It covers disciplines including electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, cognitive science, and social science. It is essential to the design of automated robots, in combination with artificial intelligence, vision, and sensor technologies. Mobile robots are widely used for surveillance, guidance, transportation and entertainment tasks, as well as medical applications. This Special Issue intends to concentrate on recent developments concerning mobile robots and the research surrounding them to enhance studies on the fundamental problems observed in the robots. Various multidisciplinary approaches and integrative contributions including navigation, learning and adaptation, networked system, biologically inspired robots and cognitive methods are welcome contributions to this Special Issue, both from a research and an application perspective

Boundary tracking and source seeking of oceanic features using autonomous vehicles

The thesis concerns the study and the development of boundary tracking and source seeking approaches for autonomous vehicles, specifically for marine autonomous systems. The underlying idea is that the characterization of most environmental features can be posed from either a boundary tracking or a source seeking perspective. The suboptimal sliding mode boundary tracking approach is considered and, as a first contribution, it is extended to the study of three dimensional features. The approach is aimed at controlling the movement of an underwater glider tracking a three-dimensional underwater feature and it is validated in a simulated environment. Subsequently, a source seeking approach based on sliding mode extremum seeking ideas is proposed. This approach is developed for the application to a single surface autonomous vehicle, seeking the source of a static or dynamic two dimensional spatial field. A sufficient condition which guarantees the finite time convergence to a neighbourhood of the source is introduced. Furthermore, a probabilistic learning boundary tracking approach is proposed, aimed at exploiting the available preliminary information relating to the spatial phenomenon of interest in the control strategy. As an additional contribution, the sliding mode boundary tracking approach is experimentally validated in a set of sea-trials with the deployment of a surface autonomous vehicle. Finally, an embedded system implementing the proposed boundary tracking strategy is developed for future installation on board of the autonomous vehicle. This work demonstrates the possibility to perform boundary tracking with a fully autonomous vehicle and to operate marine autonomous systems without remote control or pre-planning. Conclusions are drawn from the results of the research presented in this thesis and directions for future work are identified

Feasible, Robust and Reliable Automation and Control for Autonomous Systems

The Special Issue book focuses on highlighting current research and developments in the automation and control field for autonomous systems as well as showcasing state-of-the-art control strategy approaches for autonomous platforms. The book is co-edited by distinguished international control system experts currently based in Sweden, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom, with contributions from reputable researchers from China, Austria, France, the United States of America, Poland, and Hungary, among many others. The editors believe the ten articles published within this Special Issue will be highly appealing to control-systems-related researchers in applications typified in the fields of ground, aerial, maritime vehicles, and robotics as well as industrial audiences