216 research outputs found
Graphs Identified by Logics with Counting
We classify graphs and, more generally, finite relational structures that are
identified by C2, that is, two-variable first-order logic with counting. Using
this classification, we show that it can be decided in almost linear time
whether a structure is identified by C2. Our classification implies that for
every graph identified by this logic, all vertex-colored versions of it are
also identified. A similar statement is true for finite relational structures.
We provide constructions that solve the inversion problem for finite
structures in linear time. This problem has previously been shown to be
polynomial time solvable by Martin Otto. For graphs, we conclude that every
C2-equivalence class contains a graph whose orbits are exactly the classes of
the C2-partition of its vertex set and which has a single automorphism
witnessing this fact.
For general k, we show that such statements are not true by providing
examples of graphs of size linear in k which are identified by C3 but for which
the orbit partition is strictly finer than the Ck-partition. We also provide
identified graphs which have vertex-colored versions that are not identified by
Ck.Comment: 33 pages, 8 Figure
On the independence ratio of distance graphs
A distance graph is an undirected graph on the integers where two integers
are adjacent if their difference is in a prescribed distance set. The
independence ratio of a distance graph is the maximum density of an
independent set in . Lih, Liu, and Zhu [Star extremal circulant graphs, SIAM
J. Discrete Math. 12 (1999) 491--499] showed that the independence ratio is
equal to the inverse of the fractional chromatic number, thus relating the
concept to the well studied question of finding the chromatic number of
distance graphs.
We prove that the independence ratio of a distance graph is achieved by a
periodic set, and we present a framework for discharging arguments to
demonstrate upper bounds on the independence ratio. With these tools, we
determine the exact independence ratio for several infinite families of
distance sets of size three, determine asymptotic values for others, and
present several conjectures.Comment: 39 pages, 12 figures, 6 table
Divisible Design Graphs
AMS Subject Classification: 05B05, 05E30, 05C50.Strongly regular graph;Group divisible design;Deza graph;(v;k;)-Graph
Forwarding and optical indices of 4-regular circulant networks
An all-to-all routing in a graph is a set of oriented paths of , with
exactly one path for each ordered pair of vertices. The load of an edge under
an all-to-all routing is the number of times it is used (in either
direction) by paths of , and the maximum load of an edge is denoted by
. The edge-forwarding index is the minimum of
over all possible all-to-all routings , and the arc-forwarding index
is defined similarly by taking direction into
consideration, where an arc is an ordered pair of adjacent vertices. Denote by
the minimum number of colours required to colour the paths of such
that any two paths having an edge in common receive distinct colours. The
optical index is defined to be the minimum of over all possible
, and the directed optical index is defined
similarly by requiring that any two paths having an arc in common receive
distinct colours. In this paper we obtain lower and upper bounds on these four
invariants for -regular circulant graphs with connection set , . We give approximation algorithms with performance ratio a
small constant for the corresponding forwarding index and routing and
wavelength assignment problems for some families of -regular circulant
graphs.Comment: 19 pages, no figure in Journal of Discrete Algorithms 201
Chromatic numbers of Cayley graphs of abelian groups: A matrix method
In this paper, we take a modest first step towards a systematic study of
chromatic numbers of Cayley graphs on abelian groups. We lose little when we
consider these graphs only when they are connected and of finite degree. As in
the work of Heuberger and others, in such cases the graph can be represented by
an integer matrix, where we call the dimension and the
rank. Adding or subtracting rows produces a graph homomorphism to a graph with
a matrix of smaller dimension, thereby giving an upper bound on the chromatic
number of the original graph. In this article we develop the foundations of
this method. In a series of follow-up articles using this method, we completely
determine the chromatic number in cases with small dimension and rank; prove a
generalization of Zhu's theorem on the chromatic number of -valent integer
distance graphs; and provide an alternate proof of Payan's theorem that a
cube-like graph cannot have chromatic number 3.Comment: 17 page
Chromatic numbers of Cayley graphs of abelian groups: Cases of small dimension and rank
A connected Cayley graph on an abelian group with a finite generating set
can be represented by its Heuberger matrix, i.e., an integer matrix whose
columns generate the group of relations between members of . In a companion
article, the authors lay the foundation for the use of Heuberger matrices to
study chromatic numbers of abelian Cayley graphs. We call the number of rows in
the Heuberger matrix the dimension, and the number of columns the rank. In this
paper, we give precise numerical conditions that completely determine the
chromatic number in all cases with dimension ; with rank ; and with
dimension and rank . For such a graph without loops, we show
that it is -colorable if and only if it does not contain a -clique, and
it is -colorable if and only if it contains neither a diamond lanyard nor a
, both of which we define herein. In a separate companion article,
we show that we recover Zhu's theorem on the chromatic number of -valent
integer distance graphs as a special case of our theorem for dimension and
rank .Comment: 27 page
Between 2- and 3-colorability
We consider the question of the existence of homomorphisms between
and odd cycles when . We show that for any positive integer
, there exists such that if then
w.h.p. has a homomorphism from to so long as
its odd-girth is at least . On the other hand, we show that if
then w.h.p. there is no homomorphism from to . Note that in our
range of interest, w.h.p., implying that there is a
homomorphism from to
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