Substitution Effect in Sport Event Attendance

In USA, the professional Major League Baseball (MLB) consists of 30 teams in two leagues, the National League and the American League. According to Forbes\u27 estimate, the overall revenue of the league is at $9.46 billion in 2017, an average of 315.33 million U.S. dollars per team, which makes teams of MLB franchises the third-most worth on average after teams of the National Football League (NFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) (https://www.statista.com/statistics/193637/franchise-value-of-major-league-baseball-teams-in-2010/). In addition, the league-wide revenue of MLB franchises has almost doubled over the past ten years leading to an increase in the valuation of MLB franchises. Therefore, it is very critical for industry decision makers (e.g., regulators, executives, and administrators) and researchers in sports economics and marketing literature to calibrate models to either estimate the attendance demand or identify factors that affect the attendance, which will consequently determine the revenue of teams (Martins and Cro 2018; Borland and MacDonald 2003; Villar and Guerrero 2009)

Demand for professional and semi-professional sports leagues – on the relevance of substitution within and between sports

Attending a sports event live in the stadium or arena is always a choice between several alternatives. For instance, ongoing discussions among sport officials over the last years confirm that leagues and clubs are perceived to be competitors with regard to the demand for their products. The assumed threat of competition and fan substitution between sports leagues is directly linked to revenue losses, which, at its worst, is decisive on the financial survival of clubs and leagues. Consequently, insights about substitution effects within the sports industry appear highly valuable for several stakeholders when setting any competitive strategies. For these reasons, this dissertation addresses the relevance of substitution within and between sports. Since previous studies either neglected the European setting or remain inconclusive due to methodological issues, it remains unclear whether (semi-) professional sports clubs (in Europe) indeed face substitution in attendance. Furthermore, by employing novel substitution measures, this dissertation attempts in subsequent steps to explain to what extend attendance demand is affected. Three studies are conducted within the scope of this dissertation. Game-level attendance data of German sports leagues are utilized in the three studies in order to examine substitution effects in professional and semi-professional leagues. While Study 1 focuses on substitution across different divisions of the same sport, Study 2 examines substitution across different sports. Finally, Study 3 intends to make a contribution to the literature on substitution within the same game, that is, attending a game live at the venue or watching it on broadcast. The findings of this dissertation show that sports leagues and clubs indeed face substitution in attendance demand. These effects are found with regard to an idiosyncratic setting (i.e., Germany) where professional football overshadows the demand of lower football divisions and other top-tier leagues. Results suggest that local competition causes sizeable substitution effects adversely affecting attendance. Compared to local substitution, nonlocal substitution (i.e., concurrently played games broadcasted live) appears to impact attendance by even greater effect sizes. Finally, substitution takes place not only between clubs and leagues but also within the same game, that is, broadcasting a game live on TV or online stream

Barriers of Attendance For The Syracuse Crunch

The main purpose of this research was to identify the different barriers that could impact attendance for the Syracuse Crunch, a minor league hockey team (AHL). The results of this study provided the Syracuse Crunch front office with information that could have the possibility of improving marketing and promotional strategies to its varying consumer database. Prior to this study, a great amount of research has been conducted that identifies the factors that contribute to one’s attendance at other professional sporting events, however, there are limited amounts of research that have looked to uncover what effects attendance at the minor league level. Furthermore, past research hasn’t looked greatly in detail on what effects attendance at minor league hockey games. This study utilized a survey based design using quantitative data in order to identify which barriers more frequently effect the attendance of Syracuse Crunch fans. The survey was sent to initial participants, and in turn, was distributed by these participants to other people that were interested in participating in this study. Results from this research identified that in-game atmosphere had the greatest impact on attendance as well as friends and family influence, and ease of access being among other contributing factors of attendance at Syracuse Crunch games. With renovations set to occur during 2017-2018 offseason, knowing that in-game atmosphere is such a great determinant will have a strong influence on what is done to create a better experience at Syracuse Crunch games

UEFA Euro 2004 Tourism Impact Analysis

The purpose of this paper is exactly to approximate the tourism economic impact of the UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal. The survey concentrates on the immediate, direct and short-term additional revenue brought into one region by the foreign sport event spectators. One innovating aspect of this paper is the direct data collection on the foreign visitors spending, contouring simulation and forecast problems. Results show an immediate short-term return investment costs generated an immediate and short-term revenue of less than one tenth of the investment costs and overall revenue leakage (or income export) of nearly 325% (50,142 million Euro) of the revenue within the defined regional spatial circuit.UEFA Euro 2004, tourism impact of major sport events, sport event tourism.

UEFA Euro 2004 Visitors Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to establish the profile of the foreign visitor that attended the UEFA Euro 2004 Championship in Portugal, namely in the Minho region. Data were collected through a one-to-one inquiry carried out before the matches that took place in Braga e Guimarães. The survey instrument included aspects like the visitors´past comsumption behaviour, media audience and live attendance sport habits. The results we got show that sport event tourists living in countries with higher per capita income spent more in the UEFA Euro 2004. They also stayed in country longer than other visitors. Other valuable information for both tourism operators and tournament managers we got is that most sport event tourists decided to overnight on sites with efficient and direct accesses to the matches. Otherwise, they may be characterized as usual sport consumers in terms of active and passive sport comsumption behaviour. The return of visitors to the sites where the UEFA Euro 2004 took place remains unsolved. Future studies should concentrate on community reimbursement and mid/long term benefits.UEFA Euro 2004, economic impact of major sport events, sports tourism.

Participation, Spectatorship and Media Coverage in Sport

This article considers the relationship between active participation in sport, sports spectatorship and television viewing habits using data from the 2005 DCMS Taking Part Survey. We find robust evidence that participation and sports spectatorship are symbiotically linked. In contrast, increase TV viewing per se leads to a reduction in participation.spectator demand; sporting participation; count models

The Determinants of Soccer Player Substitutions: a Survival Analysis of the Spanish Soccer League

This paper analyzes the pattern of player substitutions during a soccer match, using data from the First Division (Primera División) of the Spanish National Soccer League in the 2004-2005 season. To do so, an inverse Gaussian hazard model is adopted to analyze the first substitutions of each team that take place at half-time and in the second half of matches. The results show that the most important factor is the score as it stands prior to the time of the player substitution. Furthermore, defensive substitutions are made later in the match than offensive substitutions. We also find some evidence that the home team makes more substitutions than the visiting team in the halftime interval.hazard model; soccer substitutions; strategy.

Attendance of ice hockey matches in the Czech Extraliga

This paper uses data about 3,640 matches played in the seasons 2000/01-2009/10 to explain individual match attendance of the top Czech ice hockey competition – the Extraliga. Some interesting results are that fans decide whether to attend based on the detailed information about the home team, but use just the easily observable information about the away team; that a match having no impact on the final season outcome is much less attended; that televising a match decreases attendances of all matches played on the same day, but there is no negative next-day effect; that both very good and very bad weather decreases attendance; and that if two home matches are played in a short time period, their attendance is lower with likely higher impact on the second match. Substitution of ice hockey with soccer is investigated on several different levels – while ice hockey and soccer are definitely long-term substitutes, there are mixed results for same-day substitution. Modernization of ice hockey arenas is identified as the key factor behind the almost 20% attendance growth in the analyzed period. This paper also presents a new realistic method of modeling seasonal uncertainty based on Monte Carlo simulation that does not rely on ex post information.attendance demand; ice hockey; Czech Republic; seasonal uncertainty; Monte Carlo