Analysis of purchasing activity with discounted cash flow inventory models = Beszerzési tevékenység elemzése diszkontált pénzáramlású készletmodellel

A klasszikus tételnagyság probléma két fontosabb készletezési költséget ragad meg: rendelési és készlettartási költségek. Ebben a dolgozatban a vállalatok készpénz áramlásának a beszerzési tevékenységre gyakorolt hatását vizsgáljuk. Ebben az elemzésben a készpénzáramlási egyenlőséget használjuk, amely nagyban emlékeztet a készletegyenletekre. Eljárásunkban a beszerzési és rendelési folyamatot diszkontálva vizsgáljuk. A költségfüggvény lineáris készpénztartási, a pénzkiadás haszonlehetőség és lineáris kamatköltségből áll. Bemutatjuk a vizsgált modell optimális megoldását. Az optimális megoldást egy számpéldával illusztráljuk. = The classical economic order quantity model has two types of costs: ordering and inventory holding costs. In this paper we try to investigate the effect of purchasing activity on cash flow of a firm. In the examinations we use a cash flow identity similar to that of in inventory modeling. In our approach we analyze the purchasing and ordering process with discounted costs. The cost function of the model consists of linear cash holding, linear opportunity cost of spending cash, and linear interest costs. We show the optimal solution of the proposed model. The optimal solutions will be presented by numerical examples

Project network models with discounted cash flows. A guided tour through recent developments.

The vast majority of the project scheduling methodologies presented in the literature have been developed with the objective of minimizing the project duration subject to precedence and other constraints. In doing so, the financial aspects of project management are largely ignored. Recent efforts have taken into account discounted cash flow and have focused on the maximalization of the net present value (npv) of the project as the more appropriate objective. In this paper we offer a guided tour through the important recent developments in the expanding field of research on deterministic and stochastic project network models with discounted cash flows. Subsequent to a close examination of the rationale behind the npv objective, we offer a taxonomy of the problems studied in the literature and critically review the major contributions. Proper attention is given to npv maximization models for the unconstrained scheduling problem with known cash flows, optimal and suboptimal scheduling procedures with various types of resource constraints, and the problem of determining both the timing and amount of payments.Scheduling; Models; Model; Discounted cash flow; Cash flow; Project scheduling; Project management; Management; Net present value; Value; Problems; Maximization; Optimal;

Is Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivity Caused by the Agency Costs or Asymmetric Information? Evidence from the UK

We investigate the investment-cash flow sensitivity of a large sample of the UK listed firms and confirm that investment is strongly cash flow-sensitive.Is this suboptimal investment policy the result of agency problems when managers with high discretion overinvest, or of asymmetric information when managers owning equity are underinvesting if the market (erroneously) demands too high a risk premium?We find that the observed cash flow sensitivity results mainly from the agency costs of free cash flow.The magnitude of the relationship depends on insider ownership in a nonmonotonic way.Furthermore, we obtain that outside blockholders, such as financial institutions, the government, and industrial firms (only at high control levels), reduce the cash flow sensitivity of investment via effective monitoring.Finally, financial institutions appear to play a role in mitigating informational asymmetries between firms and capital markets.We corroborate our findings by performing additional tests based on the stochastic efficient frontier approach and power indices.investment-cash flow sensitivity;ownership and control;asymmetric information;liquidity constraints;agency costs of free cash flow;large shareholder monitoring;Shapley values

Do Standard Real Option Models Overestimate the Required Rate of Return of Real Estate Investment Opportunities?

We consider how the inter-temporal discreteness of the revenue and cost processes affect the optimal timing of a real estate investment opportunity in comparison with the investment timing strategy obtained by relying on the traditional continuous real option model. We characterize both optimal investment rules explicitly and show that the continuous model may lead to a significantly higher required rate of return than the discrete model. Hence, our results show that the use of continuous time models leads to smaller and suboptimal amount of investment. Our numerical illustrations also indicate that this difference grows as volatility increases. Consequently, even though higher volatility decelerates investment in the discrete case as well, it decelerates it less than the continuous model would predict.Real options, real estate investment timing, exchange option

Taxation and Rotation Age under Stochastic Forest Stand Value

The paper uses both the single rotation and ongoing rotation framework to study the impact of yield tax, lump-sum tax, cash flow tax and tax on interest rate earnings on the privately optimal rotation period when forest value growth is stochastic and forest owners are either risk neutral or risk averse. In the case of risk-neutral forest owner higher yield tax raises the optimal harvesting threshold and thereby prolongs the expected rotation period. The same qualitative result holds for lump-sum tax and for the tax on interest rate earnings, while the cash flow tax is neutral. Under risk aversion the optimal harvesting threshold is lower and the expected rotation period shorter than under risk neutrality both in the single and ongoing rotation cases. Comparative statics of taxes are similar as under risk neutrality with the exception of cash flow tax, which may not be neutral anymore. Numerical results indicate that the optimal harvesting threshold both as a function of the yield tax and the forest value volatility increases more rapidly under risk neutrality than under risk aversion.optimal rotation, taxation, stochastic forest value, risk aversion

Measuring efficiency when market prices are subject to adverse selection

In perfectly competitive markets, prices aggregate inputs and outputs into a money metric that allows production plans to be ranked by their profitability. When informational asymmetries in competitive markets lead to adverse selection, prices in these markets assume an additional role that conveys information about product quality. In the case of banking production, quality is linked to risk because prices are linked to credit quality. ; The problem of efficiency measurement is complicated by the additional role because quality varies with price and price is a decision variable of firms operating in these markets. The effect of these endogenous components of prices on financial performance is illustrated with a production-based model and a market-value model that generate "best- practice" frontiers. Unlike the standard profit function's frontier, these frontiers are not conditioned on prices so that they compare the financial performance of firms with different quality-linked prices. Hence, they identify the most efficient pricing strategies as well as the most efficient production plans. ; These two alternative models for measuring efficiency are employed to study the efficiency of highest level bank holding companies in the United States in 1994. The contractural interest rates these banks obtain on their loans and other assets are shown to influence their expected profit, profit risk, market value, and efficiency.Banks and banking - Costs

An Interview with Thomas J. Sargent

The rational expectations hypothesis swept through macroeconomics during the 1970’s and permanently altered the landscape. It remains the prevailing paradigm in macroeconomics, and rational expectations is routinely used as the standard solution concept in both theoretical and applied macroeconomic modelling. The rational expectations hypothesis was initially formulated by John F. Muth Jr. in the early 1960s. Together with Robert Lucas Jr., Thomas (Tom) Sargent pioneered the rational expectations revolution in macroeconomics in the 1970s. We interviewed Tom Sargent for Macroeconomic Dynamics .

Analysis of purchasing activity with discounted cash flow inventory models

The classical economic order quantity model has two types of costs: ordering and inventory holding costs. In this paper we try to investigate the effect of purchasing activity on cash flow of a firm. In the examinations we use a cash flow identity similar to that of in inventory modeling. In our approach we analyze the purchasing and ordering process with discounted costs. The cost function of the model consists of linear cash holding, linear opportunity cost of spending cash, and linear interest costs. We show the optimal solution of the proposed model. The optimal solutions will be presented by numerical examples

Monetary conservatism and fiscal policy

Does an inflation conservative central bank à la Rogoff (1985) remain desirable in a setting with endogenous fiscal policy? To provide an answer we study monetary and fiscal policy games without commitment in a dynamic stochastic sticky price economy with monopolistic distortions. Monetary policy determines nominal interest rates and fiscal policy provides public goods generating private utility. We find that lack of fiscal commitment gives rise to excessive public spending. The optimal inflation rate internalizing this distortion is positive, but lack of monetary commitment robustly generates too much inflation. A conservative monetary authority thus remains desirable. Exclusive focus on inflation by the central bank recoups large part - in some cases all - of the steady state welfare losses associated with lack of monetary and fiscal commitment. An inflation conservative central bank tends to improve also the conduct of stabilization policy. JEL Classification: E52, E62, E63conservative monetary policy, discretionary policy, sequential non-cooperative policy games, time consistent policy