Rule Induction-Based Knowledge Discovery for Energy Efficiency

Rule induction is a practical approach to knowledge discovery. Provided that a problem is developed, rule induction is able to return the knowledge that addresses the goal of this problem as if-then rules. The primary goals of knowledge discovery are for prediction and description. The rule format knowledge representation is easily understandable so as to enable users to make decisions. This paper presents the potential of rule induction for energy efficiency. In particular, three rule induction techniques are applied to derive knowledge from a dataset of thousands of Irish electricity customers’ time-series power consumption records, socio-demographic details, and other information, in order to address the following four problems: 1) discovering mathematically interesting knowledge that could be found useful; 2) estimating power consumption features for customers, so that personalized tariffs can be assigned; 3) targeting a subgroup of customers with high potential for peak demand shifting; and 4) identifying customer attitudes that dominate energy conservation

Transforming Energy Networks via Peer to Peer Energy Trading: Potential of Game Theoretic Approaches

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a next-generation energy management mechanism for the smart grid that enables each prosumer of the network to participate in energy trading with one another and the grid. This poses a significant challenge in terms of modeling the decision-making process of each participant with conflicting interest and motivating prosumers to participate in energy trading and to cooperate, if necessary, for achieving different energy management goals. Therefore, such decision-making process needs to be built on solid mathematical and signal processing tools that can ensure an efficient operation of the smart grid. This paper provides an overview of the use of game theoretic approaches for P2P energy trading as a feasible and effective means of energy management. As such, we discuss various games and auction theoretic approaches by following a systematic classification to provide information on the importance of game theory for smart energy research. Then, the paper focuses on the P2P energy trading describing its key features and giving an introduction to an existing P2P testbed. Further, the paper zooms into the detail of some specific game and auction theoretic models that have recently been used in P2P energy trading and discusses some important finding of these schemes.Comment: 38 pages, single column, double spac

Providing an efficient framework for power theft detection based on combination of Raven roosting optimization algorithm and clustering and classification techniques

One of the main concerns of power generation systems around the world is electricity theft. One of the goals of the Advanced Measurement Infrastructure (AMI) is to reduce the risk of electricity theft in the electric smart grids. However, the use of smart meters and the addition of a security layer to the measurement system paved the way for electricity theft. Nowadays, machine learning and data mining technologies are used to find abnormal patterns of consumption. The lack of a comprehensive dataset about abnormal consumption patterns, the issue of choosing effective features, the balance between consumer\u27s normal and abnormal consumption patterns, and the choice of type and number of classifiers and how to combine them are the challenges of these technologies. Therefore, a detection system for electricity theft that is capable of effectively detecting theft attacks is needed. To this end, a framework including data preparation phases, feature selection, clustering, and combined modeling have been proposed to address the aforementioned challenges. In order to balance normal and abnormal data, 6 artificial attacks have been created. Moreover, with respect to the Chief element in the Raven optimization algorithm and its two-step search feature, this algorithm has been used in feature selection and clustering phases. Stacking as a two-step combined modeler has been used to strengthen the prediction of accuracy. In the second step of this modeler, the meta-Gaussian Processes algorithm is used due to the high accuracy of detection. The Irish Social Science Data Archive (ISSDA) dataset has been used to evaluate performance. The results show that the proposed method identifies dishonest customers with higher accurac

A Survey on Cryptography Key Management Schemes for Smart Grid

A Smart grid is a modern electricity delivery system. It is an integration of energy systems and other necessary elements including traditional upgrades and new grid technologies with renewable generation and increased consumer storage. It uses information and communication technology (ICT) to operate, monitor and control data between the generation source and the end user. Smart grids have duplex power flow and communication to achieve high efficiency, reliability, environmental, economics, security and safety standards. However, along with unique facilities, smart grids face security challenges such as access control, connectivity, fault tolerance, privacy, and other security issues. Cyber-attacks, in the recent past, on critical infrastructure including smart grids have highlighted security as a major requirement for smart grids. Therefore, cryptography and key management are necessary for smart grids to become secure and realizable. Key management schemes are processes of key organizational frameworks, distribution, generation, refresh and key storage policies. Currently, several secure schemes, related to key management for smart grid have been proposed to achieve end-to-end secure communication. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and discussion on the current state of the key management of smart grids

Advanced SOM & K Mean Method for Load Curve Clustering

From the load curve classification for one customer, the main features such as the seasonal factors, the weekday factors influencing on the electricity consumption may be extracted. By this way some utilities can make decision on the tariff by seasons or by day in week. The popular clustering techniques are the SOM & K-mean or Fuzzy K-mean. SOM &Kmean is a prominent approach for clustering with a two-level approach: first, the data set will be clustered using the SOM and in the second level, the SOM will be clustered by K-mean. In the first level, two training algorithms were examined: sequential and batch training. For the second level, the K-mean has the results that are strongly depended on the initial values of the centers. To overcome this, this paper used the subtractive clustering approach proposed by Chiu in 1994 to determine the centers. Because the effective radius in Chiu’s method has some influence on the number of centers, the paper applied the PSO technique to find the optimum radius. To valid the proposed approach, the test on well-known data samples is carried out. The applications for daily load curves of one Southern utility are presented

Analysis of secure TCP/IP profile in 61850 based substation automation system for smart grids

Smart grid is the term used to describe modern power grids. It aims at achieving efficient, sustainable, economic, and secure delivery of electricity supplies. In order to achieve these goals, communication between different components within the grid and control centers is required. In a rapidly growing world, the demands for substation automation are increasing. Recently, two trends have been changing Substation Automation Systems: IEC 61850 and the need for cybersecurity. IEC 61850 specifies very strict performance requirements for message transfer time. The security for the smart grid must be designed to satisfy both performance and reliability requirements. In this paper, we address a study about secure communication in the substation real-time environment, complying with the IEC 61850 specifications. We mainly focus on analyzing the proposed Secure TCP/IP profile for MMS, testing different cipher suite combinations and examining whether by applying TLS we can still achieve the strict performance requirements of IEC 61850 or not. As a result of the study, we propose a list of cipher suite combinations that should be used. The importance of this study lies mainly on future scenarios, because IEC 61850 is thought to support smart metering communications.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MINECO) through the Project Incident Monitoring in Smart Communities (INRlSCO), TEC2014-54335-C4-2-R

Smart Grid in a New Zealand Context

The following report examines the Smart Grid in the context of New Zealand. It begins by developing a definition for what the Smart Grid actually by looking at various international organisations views. Defining the Smart Grid as a modernisation of the existing system to improve efficiency and reliability and that it will be a gradual process of time that has already begun. The report then goes on to look at Smart Grid progress around the world. It examines work in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. By examining the government policies around Smart Grids and the various pilot projects that have been implemented globally, a better understanding the progress New Zealand has made can be achieved. A major point that has been noted in this work is the shear size of the investment and resources that have already used in the Smart Grid arena. The next section of the report looks at international standards development. The focus is on work carried out by the International Electrotechnical Commission the National Institute of Standards and Technology in North America. Both these organisations have developed a Smart Grid standards roadmap outlining a number of current standards applicable to Smart Grids, identifying the gaps in the standards portfolio and developing plans to address those shortcomings. The report then goes on to examine current Smart Grid progress in the New Zealand context. The various different sectors in the New Zealand electricity industry are examined individually including government, generation, transmission, distribution and retail. The findings show there is already good progress in Smart Grid related goals such as renewable energy generation and peak load management. However, there is still some work needed for aspects such as AMI standardisation. The report then finishes with a discussion and concluding remarks