General method for extracting the quantum efficiency of dispersive qubit readout in circuit QED

We present and demonstrate a general three-step method for extracting the quantum efficiency of dispersive qubit readout in circuit QED. We use active depletion of post-measurement photons and optimal integration weight functions on two quadratures to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the non-steady-state homodyne measurement. We derive analytically and demonstrate experimentally that the method robustly extracts the quantum efficiency for arbitrary readout conditions in the linear regime. We use the proven method to optimally bias a Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier and to quantify different noise contributions in the readout amplification chain.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Novel concept for pulse compression via structured spatial energy distribution

We present a novel concept for pulse compression scheme applicable at RF, microwave and possibly to optical frequencies based on structured energy distribution in cavities supporting degenerate band-edge (DBE) modes. For such modes a significant fraction of energy resides in a small fraction of the cavity length. Such energy concentration provides a basis for superior performance for applications in microwave pulse compression devices (MPC) when compared to conventional cavities. The novel design features: larger loaded quality factor of the cavity and stored energy compared to conventional designs, robustness to variations of cavity loading, energy feeding and extraction at the cavity center, substantial reduction of the cavity size by use of equivalent lumped circuits for low energy sections of the cavity, controlled pulse shaping via engineered extraction techniques. The presented concepts are general, in terms of equivalent transmission lines, and can be applied to a variety of realistic guiding structures.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure

Carrier mode selective working point and side band imbalance in LIGO I

In gravitational wave interferometers, the input laser beam is phase modulated to generate radio-frequency side bands that are used to lock the cavities. The mechanism is the following: the frequency of the side bands and the carrier is chosen in such a way that their response to small changes of the longitudinal degrees of freedom is different. This difference is therefore monitored and it serves as an error signal for controlling the optical cavity lengths, as they are linearly related to the set of observed phases between carrier and side bands. Among the others, one longitudinal degree of freedom is optimally sensitive to the space-time distortions propagating through the cosmos, as predicted by the general theory of relativity. The observation of the astrophysical signal relies on the measurement of that specific degree of freedom. The entire problem is more complex when the transverse degrees of freedom are taken into account, because the relative phase between the fields also depends on their overlap. In order to establish an unambiguous relation between length changes and phase measurements, there must be one circulating optical mode and the only difference between carrier and side bands must be their amplitude. We will show that the variability of the transverse degrees of freedom and their different actions on carrier and side band fields puts a severe limit on this assumption. Unless the system is made of perfect and perfectly matched optical cavities, it is never governed by one unique coherent state and any adjustment of the optical lengths results from a compromise between the lengths that are optimal for the carrier field and the side band ones. Such a compromise alters the correspondence between error signals and cavity lengths, calculated in the one-dimensional treatment. We assess the strength of this effect and relate it to the sensitivity of the instrument (which relies on the reconstruction of that correspondence) in realistic circumstances

Nonlinear analysis of a high-power oscillator inductively coupled to an external resonator

This contribution presents a detailed nonlinear analysis of a high-power oscillator that is inductively coupled to an external resonator for power transfer applications. The analytical formulation of a cubic nonlinearity oscillator enables the derivation of the maximum transferred power and the value of the coupling factor at which the oscillation is extinguished. Then, a simple procedure to obtain a Class-E oscillator from an initial high efficiency oscillator is presented. The solution curves versus the coupling factor and the elements of the external resonator are easily obtained from the extraction of a bi-variate nonlinear admittance function accounting for the oscillator circuit, which is combined with the passive admittance of the coupled resonator. Very good correspondence has been obtained between simulation and measured results.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and in part by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) under Project TEC2017-88242-C3-1-R

Design of three-dimensional near-zero refractive index metamaterials

Near-zero refractive index metamaterials exhibit remarkable electromagnetic properties which can and will be applied in the near future. From the known methods of achieving near-zero refractive index, this work primarily focuses on the design of 3D metamaterials whose permittivity and permeability are both close to zero while maintaining relatively low loss factor. The design of the metamaterials is based on the chiral shape “omega” and designed to weave periodically as a fishnet. Theoretical analysis, computer modeling and simulation are steps taken in the design of metamaterials. A computational tool based on the robust method for effective parameter extraction is successfully developed and validated in order to examine the effective material parameters. This tool is also employed as a preliminary test for the design of metamaterials. Novel two-dimensional and three-dimensional metamaterial designs which exhibit desirable near-zero refractive index with relatively low loss are developed

Generation of energetic femtosecond pulses at high average power

The development of more powerful and more energetic femtosecond laser systems builds the foundation for an even wider application of lasers. Powerful attosecond sources for sensitive experiments and compact high brilliance X-ray sources are only two examples of a vast field of possibilities that can be made accessible. The envisioned lasers with kilowatt scale average powers, hundreds of millijoule of pulse energy and pulse durations down to the few-cycle regime require significant technological advances that are partially introduced in this thesis. The amplification of laser pulses to an energy of 200 mJ with a repetition rate of 5 kHz, a duration of about 1 ps and an average power of 1 kW is demonstrated for the first time using a thin-disk regenerative amplifier. The excellent thermal properties of the thin-disk scheme in combination with a thorough investigation of the amplifier properties and a careful optimization of the design provides a highly stable laser output with an excellent virtually diffraction limited beam quality. This amplifier can be used as nearly ideal pump source for an OPA chain, which is predicted to facilitate few-cycle pulses with energies up to 20 mJ and a multi-kilohertz repetition rate. In a second part an alternative approach to obtain a femtosecond scale pulse duration from the presented amplifier is studied. In one of the first implementations of a multipass nonlinear broadening stage, pulses of about 18 mJ are spectrally broadened with a repetition rate of 5 kHz, and compressibility down to 41 fs is demonstrated. Further pulse energy scaling to 40 mJ and 75 mJ is shown. To the best of the authors knowledge these energies represent the highest energies at which a pulse was spectrally broadened in the multi-kilohertz regime. The proposed approach features unprecedented throughputs over 95% and excellent average power scalability. In contrast to the OPA scheme most of the input pulse energy is transferred into the femtosecond scale pulse and hence less complex source lasers are necessary for a given output pulse energy. The record-breaking results of this thesis constitute an important step for next generation femtosecond laser sources. A simulated extension of the system allows for the generation of a pulse energy of 100 mJ, a pulse duration of tens of femtosecond and a repetition rate of 5 kHz close to the envisioned parameters.Die Entwicklung leistungsfähigerer Femtosekundenlaser mit höherer Pulsenergie und Durchschnittsleistung ermöglicht eine immer weitreichendere Anwendung von Lasersystemen. Die Erzeugung von leistungsstarken Attosekundenpulsen für empfindliche Messreihen und kompakte Röntgenquellen mit hoher Brillanz sind nur zwei denkbare Anwendungen von vielen. Die erhofften Lasersysteme mit Durchschnittsleistungen im Kilowatt Bereich, hunderten von Millijoule Pulsenergie und Pulsdauern von wenigen Femtosekunden basieren auf einer signifikanten Weiterentwicklung bestehender Technologie, die zum Teil Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist. Mittels eines regenerativen Dünnscheibenverstärkers konnte zum ersten mal die Verstärkung von Laserpulsen bis zu einer Energie von 200 mJ bei einer Wiederholrate von 5 kHz, einer Dauer von circa 1 ps und einer Durchschnittsleistung von 1 kW gezeigt werden. Die ausgezeichneten thermischen Eigenschaften des Dünnscheibenkonzepts in Verbindung mit einer tiefgreifenden Untersuchung der Verstärkereigenschaften und einer sorgfältigen Optimierung des Aufbaus ermöglichen einen hochstabilen Laser mit einem annähernd beugungslimitierten Ausgangsstrahl. Der Verstärker kann als ideale Pumpquelle für einen optischen parametrischen Verstärker (OPV) genutzt werden, der dann die Erzeugung von Pulsen mit einer Energie bis zu 20 mJ und einer Dauer von wenigen Femtosekunden bei einer Wiederholrate von mehreren Kilohertz ermöglichen könnte. Ein alternativer Ansatz zur Erzeugung von Femtosekundenpulsen aufbauend auf dem vorgestellen Lasersystem wird ebenfalls untersucht. In einer der ersten Realisierungen einer nichtlinearen Verbreiterung in einer Multipasszelle konnten Pulse mit einer Energie von 18 mJ bei einer Wiederholrate von 5 kHz spektral verbreitert und deren Komprimierbarkeit auf eine Dauer von 41 fs demonstriert werden. Eine weitere Skalierung bis zu Pulsenergien von 40 mJ und 75 mJ wird gleichfalls gezeigt. Diese Energien sind (soweit bekannt) die höchsten, bei denen ein Puls mit einer Frequenz von mehreren Kilohertz verbreitert wurde. Der vorgestelle Ansatz weist einen beispiellosen Durchsatz von über 95% und eine hervorragende Skalierbarkeit bezüglich der Durchschnittsleistung auf. Im Gegensatz zum OPV Ansatz wird die meiste Eingangsenergie in den erzeugten Femtosekundenpuls überführt, weshalb für eine gegebene Ausgangsenergie weniger komplexe Laserquellen notwendig sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit stellen einen bedeutsamen Schritt für die nächste Generation von Femtosekundenlasern dar. Eine simulierte Erweiterung des Systems erlaubt sogar eine höhere Pulsenergie von 100 mJ bei einer Pulsdauer von mehreren zehn Femtosekunden und einer Wiederholrate von 5 kHz

Development of a novel high resolution and high throughput biosensing technology based on a Monolithic High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance (MHFF-QCM). Validation in food control

Tesis por compendio[ES] La sociedad actual demanda un mayor control en la seguridad y calidad de los alimentos que se consumen. Esta preocupación se ve reflejada en los diferentes planes estatales y europeos de investigación científica, los cuales, plantean la necesidad de innovar y desarrollar nuevas técnicas analíticas que cubran los requerimientos actuales. En el presente documento se aborda el problema de la presencia de residuos químicos en la miel. El origen de los mismos se debe, fundamentalmente, a los tramientos veterinarios con los que se tratan enfermedades y parásitos en las abejas, y a los tratamientos agrícolas con los que las abejas se ponen en contacto cuando recolectan el néctar en cultivos próximos a las colmenas. La Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) confirma esta realidad al notificar numerosas alertas sanitarias en la miel. En los últimos años, los métodos de análisis basados en inmunosensores piezoeléctricos se han posicionado como la base de una técnica de cribado muy prometedora, la cual puede ser empleada como técnica complementaria a las clásicas de cromatografía, gracias a su sencillez, rapidez y bajo coste. La tecnología de resonadores High-Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (HFF-QCMD) combina la detección directa en tiempo real, alta sensibilidad y selectividad con un fácil manejo y coste reducido en comparación con otras técnicas. Además, está tecnología permite aumentar el rendimiento del análisis mediante el diseño de arrays de resonadores en un mismo sustrato (Monolithic HFF-QCMD). En este documento se presenta el diseño de un array de 24 sensores HFF-QCMD, junto con un cartucho de micro-fluídica que traza diversos microcanales sobre los diferentes elementos sensores, a los que hace llegar la muestra de miel diluida a analizar. El cartucho actúa también como interfaz para realizar la conexión entre el array de resonadores y el instrumento de caracterización de los mismos. Para obtener el máximo partido del array diseñado, se desarrolla un método de medida robusto y fiable que permite elevar la tasa de adquisición de datos para facilitar la toma de registros eléctricos de un elevado número de resonadores de forma simultánea, e incluso en varios armónicos del modo fundamental de resonancia. La gran sensibilidad de la tecnología HFF-QCMD a los eventos bioquímicos a caracterizar se extiende también a otro tipo eventos externos, como son los cambios de temperatura o presión, lo que es necesario minimizar con el fin de reducir el impacto que estas perturbaciones no deseadas provocan en la estabilidad y fiabilidad de la medida. Con este fin, se desarrolla un algoritmo de procesado de señal basado en la Discrete Transform Wavelet (DTW). Finalmente, todos los desarrollos tecnológicos realizados se validan mediante la implementación de un inmunoensayo para la detección simultánea, en muestras de mieles reales, de residuos químicos de naturaleza química muy diferente, a saber, el fungicida tiabendazol y el antibiótico sulfatiazol.[CA] La societat actual demanda un major control en la seguretat i qualitat dels aliments que es consumeixen. Aquesta preocupació es veu reflectida en els diferents plans estatals i europeus d'investigació científica, els quals, plantegen la necessitat d'innovar i desenvolupar noves tècniques analítiques que cobrisquen els requeriments actuals. En el present document s'aborda el problema de la presència de residus químics en la mel. L'origen dels mateixos es deu, fonamentalment, als tractaments veterinaris amb els quals es tracten malalties i paràsits en les abelles, i als tractaments agrícoles amb els quals les abelles es posen en contacte quan recol·lecten el nèctar en cultius pròxims als ruscos. L'Agència Europea de Seguretat Alimentària (EFSA) confirma aquesta realitat notificant nombroses alertes sanitàries en la mel. En els últims anys, els mètodes d'anàlisis basades en immunosensors piezoelèctrics s'han posicionat com la base d'una tècnica de garbellat molt prometedora, la qual pot ser emprada com a tècnica complementària a les clàssiques de cromatografia, gràcies a la seua senzillesa, rapidesa i baix cost. La tecnologia de ressonadors High-Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (HFF-QCMD) combina la detecció directa en temps real, alta sensibilitat i selectivitat amb un fàcil maneig i cost reduït en comparació amb altres tècniques. A més, està tecnologia permet augmentar el rendiment del anàlisi mitjançant el disseny d'arrays de ressonadors en un mateix substrat (Monolithic HFF-QCMD). En aquest document es presenta el disseny d'un array de 24 sensors HFF-QCMD, juntament amb un cartutx de microfluídica que estableix diversos microcanals sobre els diferents elements sensors, als quals fa arribar la mostra de mel diluïda a analitzar. El cartutx actua també com a interfície per a realitzar la connexió entre l'array de ressonadors i l'instrument de caracterització d'aquests. Per a traure el màxim partit a l'array dissenyat, es desenvolupa un mètode de mesura robust i fiable que permet elevar la taxa d'adquisició de dades per a facilitar la presa de registres elèctrics d'un elevat nombre de ressonadors de manera simultània, i fins i tot en diversos harmònics del mode fonamental de ressonància. La gran sensibilitat de la tecnologia HFF-QCMD als esdeveniments bioquímics a caracteritzar s'estén també a un altre tipus esdeveniments externs, com són els canvis de temperatura o pressió, la qual cosa és necessari minimitzar amb la finalitat de reduir l'impacte que aquestes pertorbacions no desitjades provoquen en l'estabilitat i fiabilitat de la mesura. A aquest efecte, es desenvolupa un algorisme de processament de senyal basat en la Discrete Transform Wavelet (DTW). Finalment, tots els desenvolupaments tecnològics realitzats es validen mitjançant la implementació d'un immunoassaig per a la detecció simultània, en mostres de mel reals, de residus químics de naturalesa química molt diferent, a saber, el fungicida tiabendazol i l'antibiòtic sulfatiazol.[EN] Currently, society demands greater control over the safety and quality of the food consumed. This concern is reflected in the different states and European plans for scientific research, which establish the necessity to innovate and develop new analytical techniques that meet current requirements. This document addresses the problem of the presence of chemical residues in honey. Its origin is fundamentally due to the veterinary treatments against diseases and parasites in bees, and also to the agricultural treatments with which the bees come into contact when they collect the nectar in crops close to the hives. The European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) confirms this reality by notifying numerous health alerts in honey. In recent years, analysis methods based on piezoelectric immunosensors have been positioned as the basis of a very promising screening technique, which can be used as a complementary technique to the classic chromatography, thanks to its simplicity, speed and low cost. High-Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (HFF-QCMD) resonator technology combines direct real-time detection, high sensitivity and selectivity with easy handling and low cost compared to other techniques. In addition, this technology allows increasing the performance of the analysis through the design of resonator arrays on the same substrate (Monolithic HFF-QCMD). This document presents the design of an array of 24 HFF-QCMD sensors, together with a microfluidic cartridge that establish various microchannels on the different sensor elements, to provide them the diluted honey sample to be analyzed. The cartridge also acts as an interface to make the connection between the array of resonators and the characterization instrument. To get the most out of the designed array, a robust and reliable measurement method has been developed that allows increasing the data acquisition rate to facilitate electrical parameters readout from a high number of resonators simultaneously, and even in several harmonics of the fundamental resonance mode. The great sensitivity of the HFF-QCMD technology to the biochemical events to be characterized also is extended to other types of external events, such as changes in temperature or pressure, which must be minimized in order to reduce the impact that these unwanted disturbances cause in the stability and reliability of the measurement. To this end, a signal processing algorithm based on the Discrete Transform Wavelet (DTW) is developed. Finally, all the technological developments carried out are validated through the implementation of an immunoassay for the simultaneous detection, in real honey samples, of chemical residues of very different chemical nature, namely, the fungicide thiabendazole and the antibiotic sulfathiazole.The authors would also like to thank Jorge Martínez from the Laboratory of High Frequency Circuits (LCAF) of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) for assistance with profilometry, and Manuel Planes, José Luis Moya, Mercedes Tabernero, Alicia Nuez and Joaquin Fayos from the Electron Microscopy Services of the UPV for helping with the AFM, and SEM measurements. M.Calero is the recipient of the doctoral fellowship BES-2017-080246 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Madrid, Spain). This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with FEDER funds (AGL 2016-77702-R) and European Commission Horizon 2020 Programme (Grant Agreement number H2020-FETOPEN-2016-2017/737212-CATCH-U-DNA - Capturing non-Amplified Tumor Circulating DNA with Ultrasound Hydrodynamics) for which the authors are grateful. Román Fernández is with the Center for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain and with Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Paterna, València, Spain. (e-mail: [email protected]); Yolanda Jiménez, Antonio Arnau and María Calero are with the Center for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain; Ilya Reiviakine is with Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Paterna, Valencia, Spain and with the Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98150 USA; María Isabel Rocha-Gaso and José Vicente García are with Advanced Wave Sensors S.L., Paterna, València, Spain.Calero Alcarria, MDS. (2022). Development of a novel high resolution and high throughput biosensing technology based on a Monolithic High Fundamental Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance (MHFF-QCM). Validation in food control [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182652TESISCompendi