Photonic gaps in cholesteric elastomers under deformation

Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers have interesting and potentially very useful photonic properties. In an ideal monodomain configuration of these materials, one finds a Bragg-reflection of light in a narrow wavelength range and a particular circular polarization. This is due to the periodic structure of the material along one dimension. In many practical cases, the cholesteric rubber possesses a sufficient degree of quenched disorder, which makes the selective reflection broadband. We investigate experimentally the problem of how the transmittance of light is affected by mechanical deformation of the elastomer, and the relation to changes in liquid crystalline structure. We explore a series of samples which have been synthesized with photonic stop-gaps across the visible range. This allows us to compare results with detailed theoretical predictions regarding the evolution of stop-gaps in cholesteric elastomers

Study of resonant reflection in helicoidal photonic band gap structures

La présente thèse de doctorat rapporte une étude expérimentale sur la réflexion résonante de la lumière dans des structures hélicoïdales à bande photonique interdite. Plusieurs aspects optiques et électro-optiques des cristaux liquides cholestériques sont abordés en concentrant l’attention sur deux effets principaux: l’influence des conditions aux limites (mécaniques et optiques) sur les propriétés optiques des couches de cristaux liquides cholestériques et le contrôle de la bande interdite de ces dernières. On présente un élément à double-rétroaction optique basé sur une cavité de Fabry-Pérot remplie de cristal liquide cholestérique. Les propriétés spectrales et de polarisation de cet élément sont caractérisées expérimentalement et par des simulations théoriques. Un changement mineur dans la structure en haut (cavité de Fabry-Pérot) nous a permis d’obtenir une transmission non-réciproque de la lumière sans application d’un champ externe à l’élément en question. Nous avons observé une transmission non-réciproque de la lumière par un système qui ressemble beaucoup aux structures naturelles observées sur certaines carapaces d’insectes (par exemple, sur les élytres de certains coléoptères): une simple couche de matière transparente linéaire dans son état fondamental. L’effet est défini par deux facteurs principaux: la chiralité et la périodicité de la matière ainsi que les conditions asymétriques aux surfaces limites. Concernant la partie sur le contrôle de la bande interdite, nous présentons la création et l’utilisation du mélange de cristal liquide cholestérique à deux fréquences pour le ‘déroulement’ et la reconstruction dynamique de la structure hélicoïdale. Le processus de reconstruction est accéléré d’un ordre de grandeur par l’application de champs électriques modérés. L’étape suivante du contrôle de la bande interdite est l’accord en longueur d’onde de la bande interdite. Un effet électromécanique est utilisé pour générer et étudier l’auto-adaptation du pas d’hélice de la couche de cristal liquide cholestérique. L’anisotropie négative diélectrique a permis d’assurer la stabilisation de la structure hélicoïdale de la couche pendant l’application du champ électrique qui a aussi changé l’épaisseur de la couche de cristal liquide en pliant un des substrats minces de la cellule. Cette déformation de la couche a généré un d’accord (et des sauts) des longueurs d’onde de la bande interdite. Les études spectrales et morphologiques pendant les changements de la bande interdite sont présentées et discutées.The present PhD thesis reports experimental study of resonant reflection in helicodal photonic band gap structures. Several optical and electro-optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals are investigated where attention was concentrated on two principal phenomena: the influence of mechanical and optical boundary conditions on optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystal layers and control of photonic band gap of cholesteric liquid crystals. The creation of a double-feedback optical element based on a Fabry-Perot cavity filled with a planar aligned cholesteric liquid crystal mixture is presented. The polarization and spectral properties of this element are characterized experimentally and simulated theoretically. Experimental results are obtained for the transmittance dependence upon the orientation of the linear polarization plane and the polarization state of incident probe beam. A slight change in above mentioned structure (Fabry-Perot cavity) let us obtain a non-reciprocal transmittance of light without applying any external field. We observed an optical non reciprocity in a material system that is very close to natural structures, such as insect skin: a single layer of linear transparent material in its ground state. The process is shown to be defined by two key parameters: the chiral and periodic nature of the material and its asymmetric boundary conditions. In the part of band gap control, we present the creation and the use of dual frequency cholesteric liquid crystal mixtures for the dynamic electrical unwinding and forced (accelerated) restoring of their molecular helix. The restoring process is accelerated almost by an order of magnitude for quite moderate voltages used. The next step of band gap control is the tuning of band gap (wavelength). Strong electromechanical effect was used to generate and study self-adaptation and pitch jumps in a layer of cholesteric liquid crystal. The negative dielectric anisotropy of the material allowed its stabilization by the electric field and important thickness changes, achieved thanks to the use of a very thin substrate, allowed the observation of multiple dynamic jumps at fixed deformation conditions. Spectral and morphological studies of the material during those jumps were performed and are presented

Polarizing beam splitter cube for circularly and elliptically polarized light

A method of designing an arbitrary polarizing beam splitter (PBS) cube using multiple layers of thin-film liquid crystal polymer is demonstrated. This methodology utilizes cholesteric phase liquid crystal polymer (Ch-LCP) to transmit one handedness of elliptically polarized light and reflect the orthogonal state when unpolarized light is incident. Using additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layers, the polarization state for the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled and output to any two orthogonal states represented on the Poincarte sphere. Two cubes are designed, fabricated, tested, and compared with theory. One cube is constructed with a single layer of Ch-LCP, and another cube is constructed with a layer of Ch-LCP and an additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layer.National Science Foundation (NSF) [1607358]Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Upgrading the Performance of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Lasers: Improvement Margins and Limitations

The topic of cholesteric-liquid-crystal lasers is a rapidly expanding research area in the field of soft-matter photonics. The increasing interest in this field is due to the high versatility that these lasers may possibly present and the prospects of giving rise to new miniaturized devices. However, further improvements in their operation capabilities are still required for potential applications. In this paper, we critically analyze the main strategies proposed up to now to optimize their performance. We show theoretically and experimentally that possible innovations in the device structure cannot produce lasers with threshold energies below a certain limit. This limit is determined by the light scattering and absorption losses inside the liquid crystal. Even assuming the case of samples free of defects and perfectly non-absorbing, an intrinsic light scattering, typical of mesogens, still remains. Numerical estimates of the thresholds indicate that these lasers could hardly be driven by compact light sources such as current electroluminescent or light-emitting diodes. Since the improvement possibilities regarding cell architecture seem to be exhausted, the advance must come from the use of new dye molecules. These molecules should show enhanced emission cross-sections and be efficiently integrable within the mesogenic solvent. In addition, the fluorescent systems must present very small quantum yields to triplet states if continuous-wave lasing is sought. In this respect, quantum dots are an alternative to explore for further investigations