Integrating Human Factors with Structured Analysis and Design Methods

Current human factors input to system development is effected through methods, tools and guidelines. Although the input prompts the consideration of human factors concerns during system design, reports have highlighted inadequacies with respect to the scope, granularity, format and timing of the contributions, e.g. Smith, 1986; Chapanis and Burdurka, 1990; Sutcliffe, 1989; etc. The thesis argues that such problems are obviated if design needs of both Software Engineering and Human Factors are appropriately represented within an overall system design cycle. Intersecting concerns may then be identified for explicit accommodation by the design agenda. To derive an overall design cycle, current conceptions for the individual disciplines should be examined. Since these conceptions are expressed at a lower level as methods, an overall design cycle may be instantiated more specifically by integrating compatible methods from the two disciplines. Methodological integration is desirable as design inter-dependencies and roles may be defined explicitly. More effective inter-disciplinary communication may also accrue from the use of a common set of notations. Methodological integration is facilitated if the design scope, process and notation of individual methods are well defined. Such characteristics are found in a class of Software Engineering methods commonly referred to as structured analysis and design methods. Unfortunately, the same are not currently to be found for human factors since its methods are generally unstructured and focus only on later design stages. 1 Thus, a pre-requisite for integration is the derivation of a reasonably complete and structured human factors method. Since well developed Software Engineering methods already exist, it would be appropriate (for the purposes of methodological integration) to structure human factors methods around specific structured analysis and design methods. The undertaking is exemplified by the present research for the Jackson System Development method. In other words, the scope of the thesis comprises the derivation, test and integration of a structured human factors method with the Jackson System Development method. In conclusion, the research contributes to the Human Factors discipline in two respects. Firstly, it informs the research community on how similar work with other structured analysis and design methods may be set up. Secondly, it offers designers an extended Jackson System Development method that facilitates the incorporation of human factors during system development

Daya Tarik Lembu Putih dalam Pengembangan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan

Purpose: This study is to determine the current development of sacred Lembu Putih (White Cow) tourist attraction as well as the strategy for developing such a tourist attraction as a sustainable tourism. Research methods: The data collection used is participatory observation, structured interviews, documentary study, and questionnaires. The analysis technique used is the mix methods. Results and discussion: Internal factors that influence the development of white bull tourist attraction as Sustainable Tourism are attractions, facilities, accessibility, human resources and prices, while external factors are political factors, economic factors, social factors, technological factors. Implication: A priority tourist attraction development strategy is obtained, namely expanding networks, promoting, and maintaining cooperation with the government and the private sector to support improving the quality of facilities and infrastructure

Human-Nature Relationships in Raja Ampat: How Tourism Development in Coastal Areas Affects Residents’ Local Wisdom and Social Wellbeing

This article illustrates residents’ local wisdom and social well-being regarding tourism development in a coastal area. Tourism development is believed to cause various impacts in various aspects of residents’ life, such as economic, socio-cultural and environmental. This article will explain how those impacts, added to residents’ local wisdom, result in different perceptions from them. The research which was conducted for this article used qualitative methods, involving 18 informants in semi-structured interviews in Saporkren and Sawingrai, Raja Ampat. The research sought to elaborate the relationship between impacts, residents’ perceptions and their social well-being in the context of tourism development. The findings began with the categorisation of human-nature relationship eras, which are the ‘Before Trading Era’, the ‘Trading Era’ and the ‘Tourism Era’. It continued with analysis of factors behind residents’ perceptions and social well-being, for instance nature quality, local wisdom and tourism development itself

What can management theories offer evidence-based practice? A comparative analysis of measurement tools for organisational context

Background: Given the current emphasis on networks as vehicles for innovation and change in health service delivery, the ability to conceptualise and measure organisational enablers for the social construction of knowledge merits attention. This study aimed to develop a composite tool to measure the organisational context for evidence-based practice (EBP) in healthcare. Methods: A structured search of the major healthcare and management databases for measurement tools from four domains: research utilisation (RU), research activity (RA), knowledge management (KM), and organisational learning (OL). Included studies were reports of the development or use of measurement tools that included organisational factors. Tools were appraised for face and content validity, plus development and testing methods. Measurement tool items were extracted, merged across the four domains, and categorised within a constructed framework describing the absorptive and receptive capacities of organisations. Results: Thirty measurement tools were identified and appraised. Eighteen tools from the four domains were selected for item extraction and analysis. The constructed framework consists of seven categories relating to three core organisational attributes of vision, leadership, and a learning culture, and four stages of knowledge need, acquisition of new knowledge, knowledge sharing, and knowledge use. Measurement tools from RA or RU domains had more items relating to the categories of leadership, and acquisition of new knowledge; while tools from KM or learning organisation domains had more items relating to vision, learning culture, knowledge need, and knowledge sharing. There was equal emphasis on knowledge use in the different domains. Conclusion: If the translation of evidence into knowledge is viewed as socially mediated, tools to measure the organisational context of EBP in healthcare could be enhanced by consideration of related concepts from the organisational and management sciences. Comparison of measurement tools across domains suggests that there is scope within EBP for supplementing the current emphasis on human and technical resources to support information uptake and use by individuals. Consideration of measurement tools from the fields of KM and OL shows more content related to social mechanisms to facilitate knowledge recognition, translation, and transfer between individuals and groups

Collision detection and proximity warning systems for mobile mining equipment: A human factors exploration

The relatively high number of collisions between mining vehicles is the primary reason why collision detection and proximity warning systems are being increasingly introduced in this domain. This work presents a series of studies undertaken in underground mining where a prototype proximity warning system has recently been introduced. These studies encompassed a review of the system constraints (detection distances), an ergonomic audit of the system interface, Cognitive Tasks Analyses and other structured interview methods, a naturalistic field study, and a human factors risk assessment. All combined, the studies reviewed, from a user-centred perspective, the effectiveness of a system being trialled. Preliminarily results emerging to date and provisional recommendations for future system development or additional research are briefly outlined in this paper

Investigating the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain by popular athletes

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain by popular athletes. The present study is one of the mixed researches which were done in the form of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section includes elites and experts in the field of the humanitarian supply chain, sports sociology, sports management, and crisis management. According to the purposeful selection, 13 people were identified as the research sample. In the quantitative part of the present study, in addition to the elites in the field of the humanitarian supply chain, sports sociology, sports management, and crisis management, some experts of the Crisis Management Organization and popular athletes were added to the statistical community. The collection tools of the present study included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the quantitative analysis of the research, the structural equation method with the PLS approach has been used. The results of the present study showed that; 25 micro actives were extracted through interviews, these factors were divided into 5 categories: cultural, managerial, legal, human, and communication-technological factors. The research results showed that; among the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain through popular athletes, managerial factors had the most role and importance (impact = 0.983; T-factor = 427.756). This highlights the importance and necessity of management platforms for the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain through popular athletes

Investigating the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain by popular athletes

The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain by popular athletes. The present study is one of the mixed researches which were done in the form of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section includes elites and experts in the field of the humanitarian supply chain, sports sociology, sports management, and crisis management. According to the purposeful selection, 13 people were identified as the research sample. In the quantitative part of the present study, in addition to the elites in the field of the humanitarian supply chain, sports sociology, sports management, and crisis management, some experts of the Crisis Management Organization and popular athletes were added to the statistical community. The collection tools of the present study included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the quantitative analysis of the research, the structural equation method with the PLS approach has been used. The results of the present study showed that; 25 micro actives were extracted through interviews, these factors were divided into 5 categories: cultural, managerial, legal, human, and communication-technological factors. The research results showed that; among the factors affecting the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain through popular athletes, managerial factors had the most role and importance (impact = 0.983; T-factor = 427.756). This highlights the importance and necessity of management platforms for the development of the humanitarian aid supply chain through popular athletes

TEACHERS’ CONTRIBUTION IN DEAFBLIND STUDENTS’ BRAILLE LITERACY

Deafblindness constitutes a dual sensory impairment that is caused by acquired or congenital factors. Assistive technology has converted learning into an approachable good for them. Based on the literature review, braille turned out the most effective assistive device that promotes deafblind (DB) children’s literacy. However, education without human contribution cannot operate properly. For that reason, teachers play a vital role in children’s learning development and can act as the mediators of the provided knowledge. The educational personnel has to bear in mind that every DB child has unique necessities. Consequently, it is imperative need to teach them the suitable combination of methods and techniques consolidated with their knowledge and experience. This research study will employ the methodology of qualitative research as well as the method of semi-structured interviews with teachers of DB students, in order to discover efficient strategies of teaching braille that could build children’s literacy in the school environment. Article visualizations

Development of a stakeholder identification and analysis method for human factors integration in work system design interventions – Change Agent Infrastructure

In any work system design intervention—for example, a physical workplace redesign, a work process change, or an equipment upgrade—it is often emphasized how important it is to involve stakeholders in the process of analysis and design, to gain their perspectives as input to the development, and ensure their future acceptance of the solution. While the users of an artifact or workplace are most often regarded as being the most important stakeholders in a design intervention, in a work‐system context there may be additional influential stakeholders who influenceand negotiate the design intervention\u27s outcomes, resource allocation, requirements, and implementation. Literature shows that it is uncommon for empirical ergonomics and human factors (EHF) research to apply and report the use of any structured stakeholder identification method at all, leading to ad‐hoc selections of whom to consider important. Conversely, other research fields offer a plethora of stakeholder identification and analysis methods, few of which seem to have been adopted in the EHF context. This article presents the development of a structured method for identification, classification, and qualitative analysis of stakeholders in EHF‐related work system design intervention. It describes the method\u27s EHF-related theoretical underpinnings, lessons learned from four use cases, and the incremental development of the method that has resulted in the current methodprocedure and visualization aids. The method, called Change Agent Infrastructure (abbreviated CHAI), has a mainly macroergonomic purpose, set on increasing the understanding of sociotechnical interactions that create the conditions for work system design intervention, and facilitating participative efforts