ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ВЫБОРА МОДЕЛЕЙ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИХ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЙ СЛУЧАЙНОЙ ВЕЛИЧИНЫ НА РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ГОРНО-ВЫЕМОЧНЫХ РАБОТ

The importance of production planning for improving the performance indicators of a mining enterprise is indicated. The possibility of simulation modeling using for this aim is shown. It is shown that the created model has a large number of stochastic parameters. It is investigated that there is a problem of research lack about the choice influence of the mining modeling results with different statistical distributions. It is known that with an increase in stochastic deviations from the initial parameters, the productivity of queuing systems decreases. Purpose of work is to study this influence with four statistical distributions of a random quantity (uniform, normal, negative binomial and Poisson distribution) for individual operations and their combinations. In addition, it is necessary to determine how much a change in one particular parameter will affect the overall result of the modeling. Materials and methods. In the previously created simulation model, a stochastic delay is added to the time of individual operations. The addition of such a delay with different statistical distributions and with the same mathematical expectation is investigated. The simulation results are compared with each other, for each individual operation the absolute and relative deviation of the results is shown. Further, a similar simulation is performed when all the simultaneously selected parameters changing. Result. It is shown that the magnitude of the deviation significantly differs among all deviations. It is shown that for various single changes in operations, the largest and smal­lest deviations can be given by different statistical distributions. To study the joint change with all parameters, 3 modeling scenarios are implemented: all uniform distributions (this case is used now), the scenario with the smallest deviation and the scenario with the largest deviation. It is shown that switching to another scenario leads to a significant change in the simulation. Conclusion. It is concluded that the used significant influence of statistical distributions choice to the accuracy of modeling the operation of the mining machine is shown, especially when they are taken into account together. The results can be used to clarify the influence of individual factors in the simulation model and improve the planning of potash mining operations, for individual mining machines too.Обозначена важность планирования добычи для улучшения показателей эффективности горнодобывающего предприятия. Показана возможность использования имитационного моделирования для этой цели. Показано, что созданная модель имеет большое количество стохастических параметров. Исследовано, что существует проблема отсутствия исследований влияния выбора различных статистических распределений на результаты моделирования горных работ. Известно, что при увеличении стохастических отклонений от заданных параметров производительность систем массового обслуживания падает. Цель исследования: исследование влияния четырех статистических распределений случайной величины (равномерное, нормальное, отрицательное биномиальное и распределение Пуассона) для отдельных операций и их комбинаций. Кроме того, нужно определить, насколько сильно изменение одного конкретного параметра повлияет на общий результат работы модели. Материалы и методы. В созданную ранее имитационную модель ко времени отдельных операций добавляется стохастическая задержка. Исследуется добавление такой задержки с разным статистическим распределением, но с одинаковым математическим ожиданием. Результаты моделирования сравниваются между собой, для каждой отдельной операции показывается абсолютное и относительное отклонение результатов. Далее производится аналогичное моделирование при изменении всех выбранных параметров одновременно. Результат. Показано, что величина отклонения значительно различается между собой для всех отклонений. Для различных единичных изменений операций наибольшее и наименьшее отклонение могут дать разные статистические распределения. Для исследования совместного изменения всех параметров реализуются 3 сценария моделирования: все равномерные распределения (этот случай используется сейчас), сценарий с наименьшим отклонением и сценарий с наибольшим отклонением. Показано значительное изменение результатов моделирования при переходе к другому сценарию. Заключение. Делается вывод, что показано значительное влияние выбора использованных статистических распределений на точность моделирования работы комбайна, особенно при их совместном учете. Полученные результаты могут использоваться для уточнения влияния отдельных факторов в имитационной модели и улучшения планирования калийных горно-выемочных работ, в том числе для отдельных комбайнов

Simulation of product transportation in open pit mines

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 2015Open pit mines account for more than 60 percent of all surface mines, and haulage costs account for almost 60 percent of total operating costs for these mines. It necessitates maintaining an efficient haulage system where all fleet equipment performs effectively to achieve the mine’s objectives. Discrete event simulation supported by animation offers a powerful method for evaluating such systems. This research has developed a simulation software program using Visual Basic for Application (VBA), GPSS/H (General Purpose Simulation System), and PROOF 5 animation. Remaining within the defined assumptions and boundary conditions, the research combines the powers of three software languages to build a general-purpose, data-driven, and user-friendly simulation program. The research focuses on the study and simulation of some of the important complexities of the truck haulage system. These include uncertainty or system randomness, fleet heterogeneity, multi-loader multi-dump sites, bunching of haulers, and hauler dispatching. In the developed simulation program, the user is required to provide the inputs in the user-friendly environment of VBA. The simulation program arranges the inputs in a pre-arranged format and then sends them to GPSS/H. The simulation language generates a discrete event simulation model based on the receiving structural and operational data. After simulating the system, the model generates the simulation outputs and animation commands in separate files. VBA displays a summary of the simulation results, and PROOF 5 demonstrates the results in a 2-dimensional graphical animation along with detailed information. This research also includes three case studies based on hypothetical mines for the analysis of simulation results. It establishes comparisons between the dispatching policies of fixed allocation and variable allocation of Minimize Production Requirements (MPR), and shows that the MPR policy is more suitable to achieve the quality control objectives. The developed simulation program contributes by demonstrating the powers of simulation to analyse open pit haulage systems. It also shows how simulation can be utilized as a useful technique to answer many ‘what-if?’ questions and scenarios

Applications of simulation and optimization techniques in optimizing room and pillar mining systems

The goal of this research was to apply simulation and optimization techniques in solving mine design and production sequencing problems in room and pillar mines (R&P). The specific objectives were to: (1) apply Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to determine the optimal width of coal R&P panels under specific mining conditions; (2) investigate if the shuttle car fleet size used to mine a particular panel width is optimal in different segments of the panel; (3) test the hypothesis that binary integer linear programming (BILP) can be used to account for mining risk in R&P long range mine production sequencing; and (4) test the hypothesis that heuristic pre-processing can be used to increase the computational efficiency of branch and cut solutions to the BILP problem of R&P mine sequencing. A DES model of an existing R&P mine was built, that is capable of evaluating the effect of variable panel width on the unit cost and productivity of the mining system. For the system and operating conditions evaluated, the result showed that a 17-entry panel is optimal. The result also showed that, for the 17-entry panel studied, four shuttle cars per continuous miner is optimal for 80% of the defined mining segments with three shuttle cars optimal for the other 20%. The research successfully incorporated risk management into the R&P production sequencing problem, modeling the problem as BILP with block aggregation to minimize computational complexity. Three pre-processing algorithms based on generating problem-specific cutting planes were developed and used to investigate whether heuristic pre-processing can increase computational efficiency. Although, in some instances, the implemented pre-processing algorithms improved computational efficiency, the overall computational times were higher due to the high cost of generating the cutting planes --Abstract, page iii

Advances in Computational Intelligence Applications in the Mining Industry

This book captures advancements in the applications of computational intelligence (artificial intelligence, machine learning, etc.) to problems in the mineral and mining industries. The papers present the state of the art in four broad categories: mine operations, mine planning, mine safety, and advances in the sciences, primarily in image processing applications. Authors in the book include both researchers and industry practitioners

Review of mathematical models for production planning under uncertainty due to lack of homogeneity: proposal of a conceptual model

[EN] Lack of homogeneity in the product (LHP) appears in some production processes that confer heterogeneity in the characteristics of the products obtained. Supply chains with this issue have to classify the product in different homogeneous subsets, whose quantity is uncertain during the production planning process. This paper proposes a generic framework for reviewing in a unified way the literature about production planning models dealing with LHP uncertainty. This analysis allows the identification of similarities among sectors to transfer solutions between them and gaps existing in the literature for further research. The results of the review show: (1) sectors affected by LHP inherent uncertainty, (2) the inherent LHP uncertainty types modelled, and (3) the approaches for modelling LHP uncertainty most widely employed. Finally, we suggest a conceptual model reflecting the aspects to be considered when modelling the production planning in sectors with LHP in an uncertain environment.This research was initiated within the framework of the project funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [Ref. DPI2011-23597] entitled ‘Methods and models for operations planning and order management in supply chains characterised by uncertainty in production due to the lack of product uniformity’ (PLANGES-FHP) already finished. After, the project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union’s research and innovation programme under the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions with the grant agreement No 691249, Project entitled ’Enhancing and implementing Knowledge based ICT solutions within high Riskand Uncertain Conditions for Agriculture Production Systems’ (RUC-APS).Mundi, I.; Alemany Díaz, MDM.; Poler, R.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS. (2019). 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Investigating the effect of Iron ore wastes transportation and environmental pollution in Chadermalo

Mines have a considerable role in polluting the environment. Greenhouse gases and wastes mainly cause pollution. In this regard, trucks that carry ores in a mine are a primary source of these pollutants. Selecting trucks with low fuel consumption can help to reduce pollution. The present research seeks to evaluate the effects of the objectives (Cost objectives, Production objectives, and Environmental objectives) in mines on the type of trucks to select and the routes they take, as well as the effect of the duration of stone transportation on pollution. The study's data were obtained from the Chadormalu iron mine in Yazd Province. As the results showed, the objectives set in the mine affect the CO2 level, and the goals followed with human health concerns induce lower CO2 emissions. It found that the time ores are transported by trucks affects the CO2 level. However, only the objective type affects the waste level resulting from tailings, not the speed of trucks. It is recommended that the duration of truck loading and unloading and the time the trucks waste waiting in lines be reduced to the extent possible to lower CO2 emission

A Mixed-Integer Programming Model for an In-Pit Crusher Conveyor Location Problem

RÉSUMÉ Les coûts de transport représentent environ la moitié du coût total de fonctionnement (d’exploitation) dans les grandes mines à ciel ouvert. Une manière de réduire les coûts de transport est de raccourcir les distances de transport en rapprochant le point de déchargement du camion ou même de le placer dans la mine. Il y a une tendance à utiliser des systèmes de convoyeurs à grande vitesse et à grande capacité, lesquels ont été très productifs. Les systèmes de transport camion-pelle qu’utilisent des convoyeurs comparés aux conventionnels offrent une rentabilité opérationnelle supérieure et une grande fiabilité du concassage dans la fosse, ce qui les rend plus attrayants pour les activités minières modernes. Les principaux éléments à considérer dans la planification minière pour implémenter un système de concassage dans la fosse sont la disposition du convoyeur et la position du concasseur.---------- ABSTRACT Haulage costs account for around a half of the total operating costs in large open-pit mines. One way to reduce the haulage costs is to shorten the haulage distances by bringing the truck dump point closer or even into the mine. There is a tendency in the direction of the high speed, large capacity conveyor systems, and these arrangements have been very productive. Conveying and truck-shovel systems compared to conventional truck-shovel systems alone, provide operating cost efficiency and high reliability of in-pit crushing, making those types of systems more appealing to be implemented in modern mining activities. The main elements to be considered in mine planning to implement an in-pit crusher system are conveyor layout and crusher position