163 research outputs found

    An Underactuated Multi-finger Grasping Device

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    In this paper, a mechanical model for an underactuated multi-finger grasping device is presented. The device has single-tendon, three-phalanx fingers, all moved by only one actuator. By means of the model, both the kinematic and dynamical behaviour of the finger itself can be studied. The finger is part of a more complex mechanical system that consists of a four-finger grasping device for robots or a five-finger human hand prosthesis. Some results of both the kinematic and dynamical behaviour are also presented

    The SmartHand transradial prosthesis

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Prosthetic components and control interfaces for upper limb amputees have barely changed in the past 40 years. Many transradial prostheses have been developed in the past, nonetheless most of them would be inappropriate if/when a large bandwidth human-machine interface for control and perception would be available, due to either their limited (or inexistent) sensorization or limited dexterity. <it>SmartHand </it>tackles this issue as is meant to be clinically experimented in amputees employing different neuro-interfaces, in order to investigate their effectiveness. This paper presents the design and on bench evaluation of the SmartHand.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>SmartHand design was bio-inspired in terms of its physical appearance, kinematics, sensorization, and its multilevel control system. Underactuated fingers and differential mechanisms were designed and exploited in order to fit all mechatronic components in the size and weight of a natural human hand. Its sensory system was designed with the aim of delivering significant afferent information to the user through adequate interfaces.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>SmartHand is a five fingered self-contained robotic hand, with 16 degrees of freedom, actuated by 4 motors. It integrates a bio-inspired sensory system composed of 40 proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors and a customized embedded controller both employed for implementing automatic grasp control and for potentially delivering sensory feedback to the amputee. It is able to perform everyday grasps, count and independently point the index. The weight (530 g) and speed (closing time: 1.5 seconds) are comparable to actual commercial prostheses. It is able to lift a 10 kg suitcase; slippage tests showed that within particular friction and geometric conditions the hand is able to stably grasp up to 3.6 kg cylindrical objects.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Due to its unique embedded features and human-size, the SmartHand holds the promise to be experimentally fitted on transradial amputees and employed as a bi-directional instrument for investigating -during realistic experiments- different interfaces, control and feedback strategies in neuro-engineering studies.</p

    Mesure tactile proprioceptive pour des doigts sous-actionnés

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    RÉSUMÉ La préhension et la manipulation d’objets par des robots deviennent de plus en plus répandues dans divers domaines, et ce, pour de multiples applications. L’utilisation de robots permet d’améliorer la répétabilité, la rapidité et la précision lors de certaines tâches, et ce, comparativement aux performances d’un opérateur humain. De plus, un robot peut également être conçu pour accomplir certaines tâches qu’une personne ne pourrait effectuer, que ce soit au niveau de la force nécessaire ou du manque d’espace pour manoeuvrer. Des robots peuvent également plus aisément fonctionner dans des environnements hostiles. Tout comme pour l’être humain, la rétroaction tactile est particulièrement utile et même inévitable pour effectuer certaines tâches. Il faut toutefois souligner qu’il s’agit d’un thème de recherche où l’on est encore bien loin d’avoir atteint les performances humaines. Pour s’en approcher, de nombreuses et diverses technologies de capteurs tactiles existent, mais chacune comporte ses défauts. Ainsi, bien qu’il existe actuellement des solutions technologiques pour donner une rétroaction sensorielle à un robot ou à son opérateur, ces dernières s’avèrent généralement coûteuses, présentent différents défauts au niveau de la sensibilité et ne sont pas toujours adaptées à certaines utilisations. Dans l’optique de trouver une alternative efficace aux technologies conventionnelles de détection et de mesure tactiles, la présente thèse se concentre sur la possibilité d’utiliser la raideur inhérente du mécanisme de transmission d’un doigt sous-actionné. En effet, les doigts et les mains sous-actionnés sont de plus en plus communément utilisés pour leur simplicité propre et leur capacité à saisir et à s’adapter à la forme d’objet de manière purement mécanique sans schéma de commande complexe ou de nombreux actionneurs. Contrairement aux mécanismes pleinement actionnés, les doigts sous-actionnés, communément appelés adaptatifs, comportent des éléments passifs pour contraindre leur mouvement avant le contact, tout en permettant d’obtenir une prise stable sans développer des forces de contact trop élevées initialement. Les doigts sous-actionnés étant généralement dépourvus d’actionneurs à l’intérieur du doigt lui-même, les seuls capteurs déjà présents sont typiquement situés à l’unique actionneur. Toutefois, en analysant et traitant en temps réel les données de ces capteurs internes, également appelés proprioceptifs, il est possible d’extraire une panoplie d’informations sur ce qui se passe au niveau des phalanges. Ce principe est donc utilisé pour obtenir des algorithmes de détection tactile pouvant être utilisés sur différents systèmes, tels qu’une pince compliante et un préhenseurs à membrures.----------ABSTRACT Robotic hands have become more and more prevalent in many fields. They have replaced human operators in many repetitive applications where robots become more precise and efficient. Moreover, robotic graspers can lift heavier loads and accomplish maneuvers a human could not. They can also manipulate objects in hostile environments where it would be dangerous for humans. Therefore, a lot of work has been done in recent years to improve their capabilities such as their speed, dexterity, strength, and versatility. However, current robotic manipulators lack the sensory feedback of their human counterparts. Indeed, haptic and tactile feedbacks are still very limited in current devices, which may be a problem, because tactile sensing is deemed nearly mandatory for a large number of applications. Conventional tactile sensors, which are usually applied on the external surface of a robot, are generally used, but they can also be costly, insensitive to some dynamic phenomena, and not adequate to some applications. To solve these issues, many authors have worked on finding alternatives to standard tactile sensors. This thesis fits in this current trend by focusing on the possibility of using the internal stiffness of underactuated fingers to design a virtual tactile sensor. This technique is referred to as proprioceptive tactile sensing. It is applied here to underactuated robotics fingers, which are becoming prevalent in many fields. Underactuated mechanisms, sometimes referred to as self-adaptive, are particularly interesting because of their intrinsic ability to mechanically adapt themselves to the shape of an object without complex control laws and as low as only one actuator. As they have by definition less actuators, they generally have no sensor in the finger’s mechanism itself. Instead of adding new sensors, it is possible to take advantage of the sensors already present, such as the ones at the actuator. Therefore, in this thesis, only data provided by sensors at the actuator is used. Since a oneto-one relationship exists between the contact location and the instantaneous stiffness of the mechanism, it is possible to compute one from the other. Therefore, with the measurements from sensors at the actuator, it is possible to estimate the point of contact. To this aim, a complete model is proposed and experimental data is provided. Different algorithms were tested successfully on a compliant biocompatible gripper and a 2-DOF linkage-driven finger. Finally, an optimization procedure is presented with the aim of finding the optimal parameters of the transmission mechanism to improve the sensitivity of the virtual tactile sensor. The data presented in this thesis demonstrate the robustness of the proposed proprioceptive tactile sensing (PTS) technique

    Design of a mechanical system for underactuation of hand prostheses

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    Treball Final de Grau en Enginyeria Mecànica. Codi: EM1047. Curs acadèmic: 2021/2022The project has been developed working with the Biomechanics and Ergonomics research group in the framework of the UNIQUE-HAND project that has as final objective the creation of viable artificial hands valid as prostheses for individuals and also as robotic hands for industry, as well as the improvement of aesthetics of prior designs, allowing people to wear their prostheses with more confidence and trying the designs to go unnoticed. As mentioned above, the specific objective of this FDP is to design a mechanical underactuation system that improves weak points of previous developments and tries to reproduce as faithfully as possible the different hand grasps used by healthy people during activities of daily living. This mechanical system must be designed in order to be manufactured using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technique [2] and will be fitted into a completely new designed hand prototype which houses this underactuation system, the design of which is also reflected in this paper. The design of the prosthesis includes fingers, joints, returning system, flexion system, abduction and adduction of the thumb and palmar structure of the hand. This new system will be tested in the laboratory by carrying out two essays, one of them will be a grasping test and the other will be the water bottle test (WBT) that will be explained further in the paper and the other will be the Anthropomorphic Hand Assessment Protocol (AHAP) [3]. The presented design is based on differential mechanisms, such as pulleys and whiffletree mechanisms and will be explained in further detail later on. The design of the prosthetic hand has been based on the scan of a real human hand and then modified in order to adapt the different proportions and finger orientations, as well as the different mechanisms that allow the flexion and extension of the hand as mentioned above. The actuation of the different cables that allow the movement of the hand will be obtained by using a bowden cable together with a harness and triceps cuff system and the prosthesis will be located just below the tested subject hand, thus allowing a more natural behaviour when making grasps. This project contains the design of the underactuation mechanical system and its manufacture using a 3D printer. Furthermore, there are details about the assembly process and the different components of the design. Eventually, there is an explanation of the tests that will be carried out, which will determine the performance of the system, and the obtained results from these tests

    Grasp and stress analysis of an underactuated finger for proprioceptive tactile sensing

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    This paper presents the design and evaluation of a new sensorized underactuated self-adaptive finger. The design incorporates a two-degrees-of-freedom link-driven underactuated mechanism with an embedded load cell for contact force measurement and a trimmer potentiometer for acquiring joint variables. The utilization of proprioceptive (internal) sensors results in tactile-like sensations in the finger without compromising the size and complexity of the proposed design. To obtain an optimum finger design, the placement of the load cell is analyzed using finite element method. The design of the finger features a particular rounded shape of the distal phalanx and specific size ratio between the phalanxes to enable both precision and power grasps. A quantitative evaluation of the grasp efficiency by constructing a grasp wrench space is provided. The effectiveness of the proposed design is verified through experimental results that demonstrate the grasp external wrench tolerance, shape adaptability, and tactile capability. All CAD files and ROS package for the proposed underactuated design can be found on https://github.com/mahyaret

    Whole-Hand Robotic Manipulation with Rolling, Sliding, and Caging

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    Traditional manipulation planning and modeling relies on strong assumptions about contact. Specifically, it is common to assume that contacts are fixed and do not slide. This assumption ensures that objects are stably grasped during every step of the manipulation, to avoid ejection. However, this assumption limits achievable manipulation to the feasible motion of the closed-loop kinematic chains formed by the object and fingers. To improve manipulation capability, it has been shown that relaxing contact constraints and allowing sliding can enhance dexterity. But in order to safely manipulate with shifting contacts, other safeguards must be used to protect against ejection. “Caging manipulation,” in which the object is geometrically trapped by the fingers, can be employed to guarantee that an object never leaves the hand, regardless of constantly changing contact conditions. Mechanical compliance and underactuated joint coupling, or carefully chosen design parameters, can be used to passively create a caging grasp – protecting against accidental ejection – while simultaneously manipulating with all parts of the hand. And with passive ejection avoidance, hand control schemes can be made very simple, while still accomplishing manipulation. In place of complex control, better design can be used to improve manipulation capability—by making smart choices about parameters such as phalanx length, joint stiffness, joint coupling schemes, finger frictional properties, and actuator mode of operation. I will present an approach for modeling fully actuated and underactuated whole-hand-manipulation with shifting contacts, show results demonstrating the relationship between design parameters and manipulation metrics, and show how this can produce highly dexterous manipulators

    Design and development of robust hands for humanoid robots

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    Design and development of robust hands for humanoid robot

    The "Federica" hand: a simple, very efficient prothesis

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    Hand prostheses partially restore hand appearance and functionalities. Not everyone can afford expensive prostheses and many low-cost prostheses have been proposed. In particular, 3D printers have provided great opportunities by simplifying the manufacturing process and reducing costs. Generally, active prostheses use multiple motors for fingers movement and are controlled by electromyographic (EMG) signals. The "Federica" hand is a single motor prosthesis, equipped with an adaptive grasp and controlled by a force-myographic signal. The "Federica" hand is 3D printed and has an anthropomorphic morphology with five fingers, each consisting of three phalanges. The movement generated by a single servomotor is transmitted to the fingers by inextensible tendons that form a closed chain; practically, no springs are used for passive hand opening. A differential mechanical system simultaneously distributes the motor force in predefined portions on each finger, regardless of their actual positions. Proportional control of hand closure is achieved by measuring the contraction of residual limb muscles by means of a force sensor, replacing the EMG. The electrical current of the servomotor is monitored to provide the user with a sensory feedback of the grip force, through a small vibration motor. A simple Arduino board was adopted as processing unit. The differential mechanism guarantees an efficient transfer of mechanical energy from the motor to the fingers and a secure grasp of any object, regardless of its shape and deformability. The force sensor, being extremely thin, can be easily embedded into the prosthesis socket and positioned on both muscles and tendons; it offers some advantages over the EMG as it does not require any electrical contact or signal processing to extract information about the muscle contraction intensity. The grip speed is high enough to allow the user to grab objects on the fly: from the muscle trigger until to the complete hand closure, "Federica" takes about half a second. The cost of the device is about 100 US$. Preliminary tests carried out on a patient with transcarpal amputation, showed high performances in controlling the prosthesis, after a very rapid training session. The "Federica" hand turned out to be a lightweight, low-cost and extremely efficient prosthesis. The project is intended to be open-source: all the information needed to produce the prosthesis (e.g. CAD files, circuit schematics, software) can be downloaded from a public repository. Thus, allowing everyone to use the "Federica" hand and customize or improve it

    The Hydra Hand: A Mode-Switching Underactuated Gripper with Precision and Power Grasping Modes

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    Human hands are able to grasp a wide range of object sizes, shapes, and weights, achieved via reshaping and altering their apparent grasping stiffness between compliant power and rigid precision. Achieving similar versatility in robotic hands remains a challenge, which has often been addressed by adding extra controllable degrees of freedom, tactile sensors, or specialised extra grasping hardware, at the cost of control complexity and robustness. We introduce a novel reconfigurable four-fingered two-actuator underactuated gripper -- the Hydra Hand -- that switches between compliant power and rigid precision grasps using a single motor, while generating grasps via a single hydraulic actuator -- exhibiting adaptive grasping between finger pairs, enabling the power grasping of two objects simultaneously. The mode switching mechanism and the hand's kinematics are presented and analysed, and performance is tested on two grasping benchmarks: one focused on rigid objects, and the other on items of clothing. The Hydra Hand is shown to excel at grasping large and irregular objects, and small objects with its respective compliant power and rigid precision configurations. The hand's versatility is then showcased by executing the challenging manipulation task of safely grasping and placing a bunch of grapes, and then plucking a single grape from the bunch.Comment: This paper has been accepted for publication in IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters. For the purpose of open access, the author(s) has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license to any Accepted Manuscript version arising. 8 pages, 11 figure
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