550 research outputs found

    Resting-state functional MRI in multicenter studies on multiple sclerosis: a report on raw data quality and functional connectivity features from the Italian Neuroimaging Network Initiative

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    The Italian Neuroimaging Network Initiative (INNI) is an expanding repository of brain MRI data from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients recruited at four Italian MRI research sites. We describe the raw data quality of resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) time-series in INNI and the inter-site variability in functional connectivity (FC) features after unified automated data preprocessing. MRI datasets from 489 MS patients and 246 healthy control (HC) subjects were retrieved from the INNI database. Raw data quality metrics included temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR), spatial smoothness (FWHM), framewise displacement (FD), and differential variation in signals (DVARS). Automated preprocessing integrated white-matter lesion segmentation (SAMSEG) into a standard fMRI pipeline (fMRIPrep). FC features were calculated on pre-processed data and harmonized between sites (Combat) prior to assessing general MS-related alterations. Across centers (both groups), median tSNR and FWHM ranged from 47 to 84 and from 2.0 to 2.5, and median FD and DVARS ranged from 0.08 to 0.24 and from 1.06 to 1.22. After preprocessing, only global FC-related features were significantly correlated with FD or DVARS. Across large-scale networks, age/sex/FD-adjusted and harmonized FC features exhibited both inter-site and site-specific inter-group effects. Significant general reductions were obtained for somatomotor and limbic networks in MS patients (vs. HC). The implemented procedures provide technical information on raw data quality and outcome of fully automated preprocessing that might serve as reference in future RS-fMRI studies within INNI. The unified pipeline introduced little bias across sites and appears suitable for multisite FC analyses on harmonized network estimates

    Dealing with heterogeneity in the prediction of clinical diagnosis

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    Le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur est un domaine de recherche en émergence et se situe à l’intersection de l’imagerie médicale et de l’apprentissage machine. Les données médi- cales sont de nature très hétérogène et nécessitent une attention particulière lorsque l’on veut entraîner des modèles de prédiction. Dans cette thèse, j’ai exploré deux sources d’hétérogénéité, soit l’agrégation multisites et l’hétérogénéité des étiquettes cliniques dans le contexte de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) pour le diagnostic de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). La première partie de ce travail consiste en une introduction générale sur la MA, l’IRM et les défis de l’apprentissage machine en imagerie médicale. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, je présente les trois articles composant la thèse. Enfin, la troisième partie porte sur une discussion des contributions et perspectives fu- tures de ce travail de recherche. Le premier article de cette thèse montre que l’agrégation des données sur plusieurs sites d’acquisition entraîne une certaine perte, comparative- ment à l’analyse sur un seul site, qui tend à diminuer plus la taille de l’échantillon aug- mente. Le deuxième article de cette thèse examine la généralisabilité des modèles de prédiction à l’aide de divers schémas de validation croisée. Les résultats montrent que la formation et les essais sur le même ensemble de sites surestiment la précision du modèle, comparativement aux essais sur des nouveaux sites. J’ai également montré que l’entraînement sur un grand nombre de sites améliore la précision sur des nouveaux sites. Le troisième et dernier article porte sur l’hétérogénéité des étiquettes cliniques et pro- pose un nouveau cadre dans lequel il est possible d’identifier un sous-groupe d’individus qui partagent une signature homogène hautement prédictive de la démence liée à la MA. Cette signature se retrouve également chez les patients présentant des symptômes mod- érés. Les résultats montrent que 90% des sujets portant la signature ont progressé vers la démence en trois ans. Les travaux de cette thèse apportent ainsi de nouvelles con- tributions à la manière dont nous approchons l’hétérogénéité en diagnostic médical et proposent des pistes de solution pour tirer profit de cette hétérogénéité.Computer assisted diagnosis has emerged as a popular area of research at the intersection of medical imaging and machine learning. Medical data are very heterogeneous in nature and therefore require careful attention when one wants to train prediction models. In this thesis, I explored two sources of heterogeneity, multisite aggregation and clinical label heterogeneity, in an application of magnetic resonance imaging to the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In the process, I learned about the feasibility of multisite data aggregation and how to leverage that heterogeneity in order to improve generalizability of prediction models. Part one of the document is a general context introduction to Alzheimer’s disease, magnetic resonance imaging, and machine learning challenges in medical imaging. In part two, I present my research through three articles (two published and one in preparation). Finally, part three provides a discussion of my contributions and hints to possible future developments. The first article shows that data aggregation across multiple acquisition sites incurs some loss, compared to single site analysis, that tends to diminish as the sample size increase. These results were obtained through semisynthetic Monte-Carlo simulations based on real data. The second article investigates the generalizability of prediction models with various cross-validation schemes. I showed that training and testing on the same batch of sites over-estimates the accuracy of the model, compared to testing on unseen sites. However, I also showed that training on a large number of sites improves the accuracy on unseen sites. The third article, on clinical label heterogeneity, proposes a new framework where we can identify a subgroup of individuals that share a homogeneous signature highly predictive of AD dementia. That signature could also be found in patients with mild symptoms, 90% of whom progressed to dementia within three years. The thesis thus makes new contributions to dealing with heterogeneity in medical diagnostic applications and proposes ways to leverage that heterogeneity to our benefit

    Multivariate consistency of resting-state fMRI connectivity maps acquired on a single individual over 2.5 years, 13 sites and 3 vendors

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    Studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) are increasingly collecting data at multiple sites in order to speed up recruitment or increase sample size. The main objective of this study was to assess the long-term consistency of rsfMRI connectivity maps derived at multiple sites and vendors using the Canadian Dementia Imaging Protocol (CDIP, www.cdip-pcid.ca). Nine to 10 min of functional BOLD images were acquired from an adult cognitively healthy volunteer scanned repeatedly at 13 Canadian sites on three scanner makes (General Electric, Philips and Siemens) over the course of 2.5 years. The consistency (spatial Pearson’s correlation) of rsfMRI connectivity maps for seven canonical networks ranged from 0.3 to 0.8, with a negligible effect of time, but significant site and vendor effects. We noted systematic differences in data quality (i.e. head motion, number of useable time frames, temporal signal-to-noise ratio) across vendors, which may also confound some of these results, and could not be disentangled in this sample. We also pooled the long-term longitudinal data with a single-site, short-term (1 month) data sample acquired on 26 subjects (10 scans per subject), called HNU1. Using randomly selected pairs of scans from each subject, we quantified the ability of a data-driven unsupervised cluster analysis to match two scans of the same subjects. In this “fingerprinting” experiment, we found that scans from the Canadian subject (Csub) could be matched with high accuracy intra-site (>95% for some networks), but that the accuracy decreased substantially for scans drawn from different sites and vendors, even falling outside of the range of accuracies observed in HNU1. Overall, our results demonstrate good multivariate stability of rsfMRI measures over several years, but substantial impact of scanning site and vendors. How detrimental these effects are will depend on the application, yet our results demonstrate that new methods for harmonizing multisite analysis represent an important area for future work

    An overview of the first 5 years of the ENIGMA obsessive–compulsive disorder working group: The power of worldwide collaboration

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    Abstract Neuroimaging has played an important part in advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive?compulsive disorder (OCD). At the same time, neuroimaging studies of OCD have had notable limitations, including reliance on relatively small samples. International collaborative efforts to increase statistical power by combining samples from across sites have been bolstered by the ENIGMA consortium; this provides specific technical expertise for conducting multi-site analyses, as well as access to a collaborative community of neuroimaging scientists. In this article, we outline the background to, development of, and initial findings from ENIGMA's OCD working group, which currently consists of 47 samples from 34 institutes in 15 countries on 5 continents, with a total sample of 2,323 OCD patients and 2,325 healthy controls. Initial work has focused on studies of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes, structural connectivity, and brain lateralization in children, adolescents and adults with OCD, also including the study on the commonalities and distinctions across different neurodevelopment disorders. Additional work is ongoing, employing machine learning techniques. Findings to date have contributed to the development of neurobiological models of OCD, have provided an important model of global scientific collaboration, and have had a number of clinical implications. Importantly, our work has shed new light on questions about whether structural and functional alterations found in OCD reflect neurodevelopmental changes, effects of the disease process, or medication impacts. We conclude with a summary of ongoing work by ENIGMA-OCD, and a consideration of future directions for neuroimaging research on OCD within and beyond ENIGMA

    Doctor of Philosophy

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    dissertationSystematic differences in functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging metrics have been consistently observed in autism. I attempted to predict group membership using data provided by the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, including resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 964 subjects and 16 separate international sites. For each of 964 subjects, I obtained pairwise functional connectivity measurements from a lattice of 7266 regions of interest covering the gray matter and attempted to classify the subjects using a leave-one-out classifier with the 26.4 million connections as features. Classification accuracy significantly outperformed chance but was much lower for multisite prediction than for previous single site results. As high as 60% accuracy was obtained for whole brain classification. Classification accuracy was significantly higher for sites with longer blood oxygen-level dependent imaging times. Attempts to use multisite classifiers will likely require improved classification algorithms, longer blood oxygen-level dependent imaging times, and standardized acquisition parameters for possible future clinical utility. Lateralization of brain structure and function occurs in typical development and subserves functions such as language and visuospatial processing. Abnormal lateralization is present in various neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been conjectured that individuals may be left-brain dominant or right-brain dominant based on personality and cognitive style, but neuroimaging data has not provided clear evidence whether such iv phenotypic differences in the strength of left-dominant or right-dominant networks exist. I evaluated whether strongly lateralized connections covaried within the same typically developing individuals (n = 1011). I also compared lateralization of functional connections in typical development and in autism. In typical development, left- and rightlateralized hubs formed two separable networks of mutually lateralized regions. Connections involving only left- or only right-lateralized hubs showed positive correlation across subjects, but only for connections sharing a node. Our data are not consistent with a whole-brain phenotype of greater "left-brained" or greater "rightbrained" network strength across individuals. The autism group lacked left lateralization in three connections involving language regions and regions from the default mode network. Abnormal language lateralization in autism may be due to abnormal language development rather than a deficit in hemispheric specialization of the entire brain

    Multi-centre classification of functional neurological disorders based on resting-state functional connectivity.

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    BACKGROUND Patients suffering from functional neurological disorder (FND) experience disabling neurological symptoms not caused by an underlying classical neurological disease (such as stroke or multiple sclerosis). The diagnosis is made based on reliable positive clinical signs, but clinicians often require additional time- and cost consuming medical tests and examinations. Resting-state functional connectivity (RS FC) showed its potential as an imaging-based adjunctive biomarker to help distinguish patients from healthy controls and could represent a "rule-in" procedure to assist in the diagnostic process. However, the use of RS FC depends on its applicability in a multi-centre setting, which is particularly susceptible to inter-scanner variability. The aim of this study was to test the robustness of a classification approach based on RS FC in a multi-centre setting. METHODS This study aimed to distinguish 86 FND patients from 86 healthy controls acquired in four different centres using a multivariate machine learning approach based on whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity. First, previously published results were replicated in each centre individually (intra-centre cross-validation) and its robustness across inter-scanner variability was assessed by pooling all the data (pooled cross-validation). Second, we evaluated the generalizability of the method by using data from each centre once as a test set, and the data from the remaining centres as a training set (inter-centre cross-validation). RESULTS FND patients were successfully distinguished from healthy controls in the replication step (accuracy of 74%) as well as in each individual additional centre (accuracies of 73%, 71% and 70%). The pooled cross validation confirmed that the classifier was robust with an accuracy of 72%. The results survived post-hoc adjustment for anxiety, depression, psychotropic medication intake, and symptom severity. The most discriminant features involved the angular- and supramarginal gyri, sensorimotor cortex, cingular- and insular cortex, and hippocampal regions. The inter-centre validation step did not exceed chance level (accuracy below 50%). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the applicability of RS FC to correctly distinguish FND patients from healthy controls in different centres and its robustness against inter-scanner variability. In order to generalize its use across different centres and aim for clinical application, future studies should work towards optimization of acquisition parameters and include neurological and psychiatric control groups presenting with similar symptoms

    Multi-centre classification of functional neurological disorders based on resting-state functional connectivity.

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    Patients suffering from functional neurological disorder (FND) experience disabling neurological symptoms not caused by an underlying classical neurological disease (such as stroke or multiple sclerosis). The diagnosis is made based on reliable positive clinical signs, but clinicians often require additional time- and cost consuming medical tests and examinations. Resting-state functional connectivity (RS FC) showed its potential as an imaging-based adjunctive biomarker to help distinguish patients from healthy controls and could represent a "rule-in" procedure to assist in the diagnostic process. However, the use of RS FC depends on its applicability in a multi-centre setting, which is particularly susceptible to inter-scanner variability. The aim of this study was to test the robustness of a classification approach based on RS FC in a multi-centre setting. This study aimed to distinguish 86 FND patients from 86 healthy controls acquired in four different centres using a multivariate machine learning approach based on whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity. First, previously published results were replicated in each centre individually (intra-centre cross-validation) and its robustness across inter-scanner variability was assessed by pooling all the data (pooled cross-validation). Second, we evaluated the generalizability of the method by using data from each centre once as a test set, and the data from the remaining centres as a training set (inter-centre cross-validation). FND patients were successfully distinguished from healthy controls in the replication step (accuracy of 74%) as well as in each individual additional centre (accuracies of 73%, 71% and 70%). The pooled cross validation confirmed that the classifier was robust with an accuracy of 72%. The results survived post-hoc adjustment for anxiety, depression, psychotropic medication intake, and symptom severity. The most discriminant features involved the angular- and supramarginal gyri, sensorimotor cortex, cingular- and insular cortex, and hippocampal regions. The inter-centre validation step did not exceed chance level (accuracy below 50%). The results demonstrate the applicability of RS FC to correctly distinguish FND patients from healthy controls in different centres and its robustness against inter-scanner variability. In order to generalize its use across different centres and aim for clinical application, future studies should work towards optimization of acquisition parameters and include neurological and psychiatric control groups presenting with similar symptoms

    Toward leveraging human connectomic data in large consortia: Generalizability of fmri-based brain graphs across sites, sessions, and paradigms

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    While graph theoretical modeling has dramatically advanced our understanding of complex brain systems, the feasibility of aggregating connectomic data in large imaging consortia remains unclear. Here, using a battery of cognitive, emotional and resting fMRI paradigms, we investigated the generalizability of functional connectomic measures across sites and sessions. Our results revealed overall fair to excellent reliability for a majority of measures during both rest and tasks, in particular for those quantifying connectivity strength, network segregation and network integration. Processing schemes such as node definition and global signal regression (GSR) significantly affected resulting reliability, with higher reliability detected for the Power atlas (vs. AAL atlas) and data without GSR. While network diagnostics for default-mode and sensori-motor systems were consistently reliable independently of paradigm, those for higher-order cognitive systems were reliable predominantly when challenged by task. In addition, based on our present sample and after accounting for observed reliability, satisfactory statistical power can be achieved in multisite research with sample size of approximately 250 when the effect size is moderate or larger. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the generalizability of brain functional graphs in large consortia, and encourage the aggregation of connectomic measures using multisite and multisession data
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